{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:18:58Z","timestamp":1788927538354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2023R225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Potassium bromate (PB) is a general food additive, a significant by-product during water disinfection, and a carcinogen (Class II B). The compound emits toxicity depending on the extent of its exposure and dose through consumable items. The current study targeted disclosing the ameliorative efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared by green technology in PB-exposed Swiss albino rats. The rats were separated into six treatment groups: control without any treatment (Group I), PB alone (Group II), ZnO alone (Group III), ZnO NP alone (Group IV), PB + ZnO (Group V), and PB + ZnO NPs (Group VI). The blood and kidney samples were retrieved from the animals after following the treatment plan and kept at \u221220 \u00b0C until further analysis. Contrary to the control (Group I), PB-treated rats (Group II) exhibited a prominent trend in alteration in the established kidney function markers and disturbed redox status. Further, the analysis of the tissue and nuclear DNA also reinforced the biochemical results of the same treatment group. Hitherto, Groups III and IV also showed moderate toxic insults. However, Group VI showed a significant improvement from the PB-induced toxic insults compared to Group II. Hence, the present study revealed the significant therapeutic potential of the NPs against PB-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo, pleading for their usage in medicines having nephrotoxicity as a side effect or in enhancing the safety of the industrial use of PB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:14:12Z","timestamp":1688087652000},"page":"5084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Blunt Potassium-Bromate-Induced Renal Toxicity by Reinforcing the Redox System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0058-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim M.","family":"Alhazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6993-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftekhar","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Ebaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jameel","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13146","article-title":"Potassium bromate in bread, health risks to bread consumers and toxicity symptoms amongst bakers in Bamenda, North West Region of Cameroon","volume":"9","author":"Nkwatoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0712-9","article-title":"Potassium bromate as a food additive: A case study of Tunisian breads","volume":"25","author":"Doggui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fielding, M., and Hutchison, J. (1993, January 22\u201324). Bromate and Water Treatment. Proceedings of the International Workshop, International Water Supply Association, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22181","article-title":"Altered hepatic m RNA expression of immune response-associated DNA damage in mice liver induced by potassium bromate: Protective role of vanillin","volume":"31","author":"Driss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.073","article-title":"Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood","volume":"87","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01938-7","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of riboflavin on the potassium bromate\u2013induced renal toxicity in vivo","volume":"393","author":"Alhazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125964","article-title":"Potassium bromate: Effects on bread components, health, environment and method of analysis: A review","volume":"311","author":"Shanmugavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-016-0098-8","article-title":"Oral administration of potassium bromate induces neurobehavioral changes, alters cerebral neurotransmitters level and impairs brain tissue of swiss mice","volume":"12","author":"Ajarem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1579-5","article-title":"Redox-and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free radicals and their role in human disease","volume":"90","author":"Valko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S296383","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00368504211033703","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211033703","article-title":"Potassium bromate-induced nephrotoxicity and potential curative role of metformin loaded on gold nanoparticles","volume":"104","author":"Bakr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"474605","article-title":"Nanoparticulate adjuvants and delivery systems for allergen immunotherapy","volume":"2012","author":"Esparza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuchowski, M., Osuchowski, F., Latos, W., and Kawczyk-Krupka, A. (2021). The use of upconversion nanoparticles in prostate cancer photodynamic therapy. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040360"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.08.019","article-title":"Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on adult male Wistar rats","volume":"84","author":"Abbasalipourkabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1827","article-title":"Neuroscience nanotechnology: Progress, opportunities and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.30","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062562","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1062562","article-title":"The advancing of zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications","volume":"2018","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52014","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c09052","article-title":"Rapid fabrication of biocomposites by encapsulating enzymes into Zn-MOF-74 via a mild water-based approach","volume":"13","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450115666140804124808","article-title":"Safety of nanoparticles in medicine","volume":"16","author":"Wolfram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, J.V., Dessens, C.E., van de Water, R., Houvast, R.D., Kuppen, P.J., and Krijgsman, D. (2020). The molecular and functional characteristics of HLA-G and the interaction with its receptors: Where to intervene for cancer immunotherapy?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228678"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"110","article-title":"Study of medicinal plants in Aravali regions of Rajasthan for treatment of kidney stone and urinary tract troubles","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. PharmTech Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.066","article-title":"Associations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2017.08.006","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-F., Liu, Z.-G., Shen, W., and Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091534"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13656","article-title":"Targeting regulatory T cells in tumors","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0674-z","article-title":"Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide","volume":"17","author":"Bashandy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01261-1","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles conjugated with clinically-approved medicines as potential antibacterial molecules","volume":"11","author":"Akbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S141675","article-title":"Metformin: A review of its potential indications","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25084-7","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of potassium bromate and the remedial role of grape seed extract","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"309","article-title":"Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate\u2014A new renal carcinogen","volume":"87","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, M.K., Khan, A.A., Ali, S.N., and Mahmood, R. (2015). Chemoprotective effect of taurine on potassium bromate-induced DNA damage, DNA-protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in rat intestine. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119137"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.04.016","article-title":"Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review","volume":"10","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/11\/115101","article-title":"Nanosized zinc oxide particles induce neural stem cell apoptosis","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilhelmi, V., Fischer, U., Weighardt, H., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Nickel, C., Stahlmecke, B., Kuhlbusch, T.A., Scherbart, A.M., Esser, C., and Schins, R.P. (2013). Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce necrosis and apoptosis in macrophages in a p47phox-and Nrf2-independent manner. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065704"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9897315","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9897315","article-title":"Copper mediates anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity of Gleevec in hepatocellular carcinoma-induced male rats","volume":"2019","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Naseer, F., Ahmed, M., Majid, A., Kamal, W., and Phull, A.R. (2022). Seminars in Cancer Biology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S244785","article-title":"Silver nanoparticle-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells is inhibited by Toxoplasma gondii pre-infection through suppression of NOX4-dependent ROS generation","volume":"15","author":"Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2014.974709","article-title":"Acute exposure to ZnO nanoparticles induces autophagic immune cell death","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arienzo, M., and Ferrara, L. (2022). Environmental Fate of Metal Nanoparticles in Estuarine Environments. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14081297"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.04.013","article-title":"The lysosomal\u2013mitochondrial axis theory of postmitotic aging and cell death","volume":"163","author":"Terman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. -Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111928","article-title":"Natural bioactive molecules: An alternative approach to the treatment and control of glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"141","author":"Tagde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, I., Chibber, S., Khan, A.A., and Naseem, I. (2012). Riboflavin ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities under photoillumination. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036273"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2015.1074159","article-title":"Free radicals and related reactive species as mediators of tissue injury and disease: Implications for health","volume":"45","author":"Kehrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11197","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.44920","article-title":"ZnO-based multifunctional nanocomposites to inhibit progression and metastasis of melanoma by eliciting antitumor immunity via immunogenic cell death","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9966","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04443-4","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against potassium bromate-mediated toxicity in Swiss albino rats","volume":"26","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"[13] Catalase in vitro","volume":"Volume 105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13062-4","article-title":"[59] Glutathione reductase","volume":"Volume 113","author":"Carlberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000136485","article-title":"Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite","volume":"11","author":"Jollow","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Levine, N. (1988). The Protozoan Phylum Apicomplexa: Volume 1, Chemical Rubber Company Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","article-title":"[30] Microsomal lipid peroxidation","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Buege","year":"1978","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90265-0","article-title":"A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells","volume":"175","author":"Singh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase: The firstenzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33040-9","article-title":"Carbonyl assay for determination of oxidatively modified proteins","volume":"233","author":"Levine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.08.003","article-title":"Protective effect of riboflavin on cisplatin induced toxicities: A gender-dependent study","volume":"29","author":"Naseem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/13\/5084\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:23Z","timestamp":1760126603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/13\/5084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28135084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28135084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]}}}