{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:28:11Z","timestamp":1780500491461,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the potential of the corozo fruit (Bactris guineensis) palm tree in the Colombian Caribbean as a source for porous carbon material. Its specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore size were obtained using N2 adsorption\/desorption isotherms. The images of the precursor and adsorbent surface were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained to detect the main functional groups present and an X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed in order to analyze the structural organization of the materials. By carbonizing the fruit stone with zinc chloride, a porous carbon material was achieved with a substantial specific surface area (1125 m2 g\u207b1) and pore volume (3.241 \u00d7 10\u22121 cm3 g\u207b1). The material was tested for its adsorption capabilities of the drug propranolol. The optimal adsorption occurred under basic conditions and at a dosage of 0.7 g L\u207b1. The Langmuir homogeneous surface model effectively described the equilibrium data and, as the temperature increased, the adsorption capacity improved, reaching a maximum of 134.7 mg g\u207b1 at 328.15 K. The model constant was favorable to the temperature increase, increasing from 1.556 \u00d7 10\u22121 to 2.299 \u00d7 10\u22121 L mg\u22121. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of propranolol was found to be spontaneous and benefited from higher temperatures, indicating an endothermic nature (12.39 kJ mol\u207b1). The negative \u0394G0 values decreased from \u221226.28 to \u221229.99 kJ mol\u22121, with the more negative value occurring at 328 K. The adsorbent material exhibited rapid kinetics, with equilibrium times ranging from 30 to 120 min, depending on the initial concentration. The kinetics data were well-represented by the general order and linear driving force models. The rate constant of the general order model diminished from 1.124 \u00d7 10\u22123 to 9.458 \u00d7 10\u221214 with an increasing concentration. In summary, the leftover stone from the Bactris guineensis plant can be utilized to develop activated carbon, particularly when activated using zinc chloride. This material shows promise for efficiently adsorbing propranolol and potentially other emerging pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1688604881000},"page":"5232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Synthesis and Evaluation of Porous Carbon Material from Corozo Fruit (Bactris guineensis) for Efficient Propranolol Hydrochloride Adsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dison Stracke Pfingsten","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana","family":"Georgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudete Gindri","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma Martinez","family":"Eljaiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Romero","family":"Badillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58# 55-66, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anelise Hoch Paschoalin","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Allasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0307-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Meili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process Laboratory, Technology Center, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-870, AL, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116442","article-title":"Adsorption of Propranolol Hydrochloride from Aqueous Solutions onto Thermally Treated Bentonite Clay: A Complete Batch System Evaluation","volume":"337","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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