{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:36:06Z","timestamp":1790822166246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["SFH 14071776680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFH 14071776680"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelargonium species are native to South Africa, and they have a long history in medicinal use. This study aimed to extract essential oils from different parts of P. peltatum, determine the chemical composition of the essential oils, and assess the essential oils\u2019 biological potential as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distilling different parts of P. peltatum, and the essential profile was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The analgesic activity of the essential oil was determined by using a tail immersion in hot water method in rats, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils was assessed according to right hind paw oedema induced by egg albumin; the three doses selected for each experiment were 100, 200, and 400 mg\/kg. According to the GC-FID and GC-MS analysis, camphene (3.6\u201333.4%), \u03b1-terpineol (4.8\u201319.1%), \u03b1-thujone (1.5\u201315.6%), piperitone (0.9\u201312.2%), linalool (1.6\u201311.7%), myrcene (5.2\u201310.7%), germacrene D (3.7\u201310.4%), \u03b2-caryophyllene (1.2\u20139.5%), \u03b2-cadinene (3.4\u20136.7%), and \u03b2-bourbonene (4.2\u20136.2%) were some of the major compounds identified in the oil. P. peltatum essential oils demonstrated analgesic activity by increasing pain latency in hot water; furthermore, in an inflammation test, the essential oil reduced the egg-albumin-induced paw oedema in both the first and second phases. Therefore, the current findings suggest that P. peltatum essential oils have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:54:23Z","timestamp":1688950463000},"page":"5294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chemical Composition, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pelargonium peltatum Essential Oils from Eastern Cape, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Rungqu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Opeoluwa","family":"Oyedeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mavuto","family":"Gondwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebola","family":"Oyedeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lis-Balchin, M. (2002). Geranium and Pelargonium: The Genera Geranium and Pelargonium, Taylor & Francis Inc.. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/218930410.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203216538"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.159.2.1","article-title":"Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)","volume":"159","author":"Albers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"79","article-title":"In the ivy league: The indigenous garden","volume":"78","author":"Nicholas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Farmers Wkly."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"742","article-title":"Comparative studies on essential oil compositions of rose scented geranium Pelargonium graveolens from different higher altitude ranges of North Indian Himalayas","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rec. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Miller, D. (2002). Geranium and Pelargonium, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2016, March 27). SANBI. Available online: http:\/\/pza.sanbi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/info_library\/pelargpeltat.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"573","article-title":"Growing Pelargonium peltatum and Pelargonium x hortum from Cuttings","volume":"13","author":"Tkalec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agro-Knowl. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2016, March 27). Random Harvest Nursery. Available online: https:\/\/www.randomharvest.co.za\/South-African-Indigenous-Plants\/Show-Plant\/Plant=Pelargoniumpeltatum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.17221\/10\/2017-PPS","article-title":"Bacterial spot and blight diseases of ornamental plants caused by different Xanthomonas species in Turkey","volume":"54","author":"Mirik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Prot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.319.4318","article-title":"Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on ornamental plants in greenhouse in Bulgaria","volume":"319","author":"Yovkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2016, March 27). Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity. Available online: http:\/\/ww2.bgbm.org\/euroPlusMed."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds, Weeds Society of Western Australia. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313645439."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2016, March 27). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Available online: http:\/\/legacy.tropicos.org\/Project\/CE."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2016, March 27). Herb Society of America. Available online: https:\/\/www.herbsociety.org\/file_download\/inline\/2b2f9fc8-e827-446c-99da-1c1e8b6559d0."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2012). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Ion Trap Mass Spectroscopy, Academic Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"ESO (1999). ESO 2000\u2014The Complete Database of Essential Oil, Boelens Aroma Chemical Information Service. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=The+complete+database+of+essential+oil&author=ESO+2000&publication_year=1999."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Nossier, F.H.M. (2019). Phytochemical and Biological Study of Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L\u2019Herit. Family Geraniaceae Cultivated in Egypt. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Cairo University]. Available online: http:\/\/www.secheresse.info\/spip.php?article84917."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Moghddam, M., and Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Soft Chemistry and Food Fermentation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Comparison of hydrodistillation, microwave hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave methods in analysis of the essential oils from aerial parts of Hapliphyllum robustum Bge. by GC\/MS method","volume":"1","author":"Moradalizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4845","article-title":"Evaluation of the antinociceptive activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and its isolated active principles in mice","volume":"27","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hejna, M., Kovanda, L., Rossi, L., and Liu, Y. (2021). Mint oils: In vitro ability to perform anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities and to enhance intestinal barrier integrity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071004"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37129","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37129","article-title":"Odour-induced analgesia mediated by hypothalamic orexin neurons in mice","volume":"6","author":"Tashiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1298372","article-title":"Antinociceptive and antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Ocimum micranthum: Potential anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"78","author":"Pinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008","article-title":"The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"24","author":"Klauke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-990224","article-title":"Antinociceptive properties of 1,8-cineole and \u03b2-pinene, from the essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves, in rodents","volume":"73","author":"Liapi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.05.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastric antiulcer activities of the essential oil from Piper aleyreanum C.DC in rodents","volume":"142","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.M.M., Ullah, F., Shah, S.M.H., Zahoor, M., and Sadiq, A. (2012). Analysis of chemical constituents and antinociceptive potential of essential oil of Teucrium stocksianum bioss collected from the Northwest of Pakistan. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-244"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(01)00289-9","article-title":"Central and peripheral roles of prostaglandins in pain and their interactions with novel neuropeptides nociception and nocistatin","volume":"41","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.030","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of arctigenin from Forsythia fructus","volume":"116","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"7","article-title":"Nutritional and botanical modulation of the inflammatory cascade: Eicosanoids, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-as an adjunct in cancer therapy","volume":"1","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18011227","article-title":"A review on anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes","volume":"18","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"670","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and antitumour activities of four Teucrium essential oils from Greece","volume":"11","author":"Menichini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7274","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051151u","article-title":"Study on the anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum","volume":"53","author":"Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00070.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of five Taxandria fragrans oils in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Hammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.03.031","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils of Cymbopogon validus (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy from Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Rungqu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.065","article-title":"(\u2212)-Linalool inhibits in vitro NO formation. Probable involvement in the antinociceptive activity of this monoterpene compound","volume":"78","author":"Paena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.054","article-title":"Essential oils from Distichoselinum teniufolium: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"130","author":"Tavares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess14061","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive activity of an essential oil recipe consisting of the supercritical fluid CO2 extract of white pepper, long pepper, cinnamon, saffron and myrrh in vivo","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2174","article-title":"Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"5","author":"Okoye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.02.014","article-title":"Artemisia fukudo essential oil attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing NF-\u03baB and MAPK activation in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Yoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp\/61.02.0015","article-title":"Antiulcer genic and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds","volume":"61","author":"Dutra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.12067125","article-title":"Chemical composition, leaf trichome types and biological activities of the essential oils of four related Salvia species indigenous to Southern Africa","volume":"18","author":"Kamatou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Essent Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.07.027","article-title":"In vitro biological activity and essential oil composition of four indigenous South African Helichrysum species","volume":"95","author":"Lourens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2007.10.017","article-title":"Kinetics of distillation of essential oil from comminuted ripe juniper (Juniperus communis L.) berries","volume":"39","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baser, K.H.C., and Buchbauer, G. (2009). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications, CRC press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420063165"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01234480","article-title":"A new Approach to practical acute toxicity testing","volume":"54","author":"Lorke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(85)90017-8","article-title":"Determination of antinociceptive efficacy of drugs in mice using different water temperatures in a tail immersion test","volume":"13","author":"Luttinger","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"383","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanolic root extract of Croton zambesicus","volume":"23","author":"Okokon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/14\/5294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:08:58Z","timestamp":1760126938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/14\/5294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28145294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28145294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]}}}