{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:05:05Z","timestamp":1790949905125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81870267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870267"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970295"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81521001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81521001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81670318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670318"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81570314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570314"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81590953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81590953"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31821002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31821002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21405020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21405020"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017YFC0906800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0906800"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["19MC1910300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19MC1910300"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2017SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SHZDZX01"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81870267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870267"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81970295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970295"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81521001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81521001"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81670318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670318"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81570314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570314"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["81590953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81590953"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["31821002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31821002"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["21405020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21405020"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["2017YFC0906800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0906800"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["19MC1910300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19MC1910300"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China","award":["2017SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SHZDZX01"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81870267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870267"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81970295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970295"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81521001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81521001"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81670318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670318"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81570314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570314"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["81590953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81590953"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["31821002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31821002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["21405020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21405020"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["2017YFC0906800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0906800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["19MC1910300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19MC1910300"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["2017SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SHZDZX01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The perturbation of fatty acid metabolism in heart failure (HF) has been a critical issue. It is unclear whether the amounts of circulating carnitines will benefit primary etiology diagnosis and prognostic prediction in HF. This study was designed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of serum carnitine profiles between ischemic and non-ischemic derived heart failure. Methods: HF patients (non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: DCM-HF, n = 98; ischemic heart disease: IHD-HF, n = 63) and control individuals (n = 48) were enrolled consecutively. The serum carnitines were quantitatively measured using the UHPLC-MS\/MS method. All patients underwent a median follow-up of 28.3 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed during the prognosis evaluation. Results: Amongst 25 carnitines measured, all of them were increased in HF patients, and 20 acylcarnitines were associated with HF diagnosis independently. Seven acylcarnitines were confirmed to increase the probability of DCM diagnosis independently. The addition of isobutyryl-L-carnitine and stearoyl-L-carnitine to conventional clinical factors significantly improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) from 0.771 to 0.832 (p = 0.023) for DCM-HF diagnosis (calibration test for the composite model: Hosmer-Lemeshow \u03c72 = 7.376, p = 0.497 &gt; 0.05). Using a multivariate COX survival analysis adjusted with clinical factors simultaneously, oleoyl L-carnitine &gt;300 nmol\/L (HR = 2.364, 95% CI = 1.122\u20134.976, p = 0.024) and isovaleryl-L-carnitine &lt;100 nmol\/L (HR = 2.108, 95% CI = 1.091\u20134.074, p = 0.026) increased the prediction of all-cause mortality independently, while linoleoyl-L-carnitine &gt;420 nmol\/L, succinyl carnitine &gt;60 nmol\/L and isovaleryl-L-carnitine &lt;100 nmol\/L increased the risk of HF rehospitalization independently. Conclusions: Serum carnitines could not only serve as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in HF but also benefit the identification of HF primary etiology and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1689123901000},"page":"5345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Quantitative Profiling of Serum Carnitines Facilitates the Etiology Diagnosis and Prognosis Prediction in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zhangwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danbo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoling","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Metabolome Institute-Wuhan (SMI), No.128 Guanggu 7 Road, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiru","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital and School of Life Sciences, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory at Shanghai International Centre for Molecular Phenomics, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juying","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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