{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:41:05Z","timestamp":1789098065954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound and a human carcinogen. Regulating FA-releasing substances in commercial goods is a growing and interesting topic: worldwide production sectors, like food industries, textiles, wood manufacture, and cosmetics, are involved. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, economical, and specific FA monitoring tools. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) on-sample derivatization and gas chromatography, is proposed for FA monitoring of real-life samples. This study reports the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sorbent phase combined with innovative commercial methods, such as multiple SPME (MSPME) and cooling-assisted SPME, for FA determination. Critical steps, such as extraction and sampling, were evaluated in method development. The derivatization was performed at 60 \u00b0C for 30 min, followed by 15 min sampling at 10 \u00b0C, in three cycles (SPME Arrow) or six cycles (SPME). The sensitivity was satisfactory for the method\u2019s purposes (LOD-LOQ at 11-36 ng L\u22121, and 8-26 ng L\u22121, for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively). The method\u2019s linearity ranges from the lower LOQ at trace level (ng L\u22121) to the upper LOQ at 40 mg L\u22121. The precision range was 5.7\u201310.2% and 4.8\u20139.6% and the accuracy was 97.4% and 96.3% for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively. The cooling MSPME set-up applied to real commercial goods provided results of quality comparable to previously published data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"5441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A New Perspective on SPME and SPME Arrow: Formaldehyde Determination by On-Sample Derivatization Coupled with Multiple and Cooling-Assisted Extractions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3078-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dugheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Fanfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0759-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Marrubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8665-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Squillaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Traversini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Arcangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, March 22). 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