{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:39:29Z","timestamp":1780400369990,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2023R155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R155"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder defined as hyperglycemia and pancreatic \u03b2-cell deterioration, leading to other complications such as cardiomyopathy. The current study assessed the therapeutic effects of phenolic acids extracted from Jasminum sambac phenols of leaves (JSP) against diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. The rats were divided into four groups, with each group consisting of 20 rats. The rats were given intraperitoneal injections of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg\/kg) to induce diabetes. The diabetes-induced groups (III and IV) received treatment for six weeks that included 250 and 500 mg\/kg of JSP extract, respectively. In the treated rats, the results demonstrated that JSP extract restored fasting glucose, serum glucose, and hyperlipidemia. Alloxan induced cardiomyopathy, promoted oxidative stress, and altered cardiac function biomarkers, including cardiac troponin I, proBNP, CK-MB, LDH, and IMA. The JSP extract-treated rats showed improved cardiac function indicators, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. In diabetic rats, the mRNA expression of caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl-2 was significantly higher, while Bcl-2, Nrf-2, and HO-,1 was significantly lower. In the treated groups, the expression levels of the BAX, Nrf-2, HO-1, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 genes were dramatically returned to normal level. According to our findings, the JSP extract prevented cardiomyopathy and heart failure in the hyperglycemic rats by improving cardiac biomarkers and lowering the levels of hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1689644762000},"page":"5453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Phenolics Extracted from Jasminum sambac Mitigates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Mediators and the Nfr-2\/HO-1 Pathway in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Urooj","family":"Umar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibtain","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asra","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atika","family":"Liaqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7505-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateen","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Operations Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farooq","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5473","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005473","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4711-2","article-title":"Global trends in diabetes complications: A review of current evidence","volume":"62","author":"Harding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.120402","article-title":"Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"126","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"187","article-title":"Natural Flavonoids as Potential Herbal Medication for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40415-020-00638-z","article-title":"Complete chloroplast genome of Jasminum sambac L. (Oleaceae)","volume":"43","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4390-4","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: A hyperglycaemia- and insulin-resistance-induced heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I.A., Hussain, M., Munawar, S.H., Iqbal, M.O., Arshad, S., Manzoor, A., Shah, M.A., Abbas, K., Shakeel, W., and Syed, S.K. (2021). Jasminum sambac: A Potential Candidate for Drug Development to Cure Cardiovascular Ailments. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185664"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matowa, P.R., Gundidza, M., Gwanzura, L., and Nhachi, C.F.B. (2020). A survey of ethnomedicinal plants used to treat cancer by traditional medicine practitioners in Zimbabwe. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03046-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, G.G., Francis, N., Hill, R., Waters, D., Blanchard, C., and Santhakumar, A.B. (2019). Dietary Polyphenols and Gene Expression in Molecular Pathways Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010140"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.049","article-title":"Anti-diabetic properties of Momordica charantia L. polysaccharide in alloxan-induced diabetic mice","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500428","article-title":"Mechanisms of body weight reduction and metabolic syndrome alleviation by tea","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.007","article-title":"Systematic review of the impact of HbA1c on outcomes following surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Rollins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.12.006","article-title":"Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on blood glucose and lipid concentrations in diabetic and hyperlipidemic subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Jafarnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6441","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6441","article-title":"Potential antidiabetic effect of ethanolic and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Ricinus communis leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"7","author":"Abdelgadir","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-017-1612-1","article-title":"Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: From history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038729","article-title":"Response to letter regarding article, \u201cCardiac biomarkers are associated with an increased risk of stroke and death in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) substudy\u201d","volume":"125","author":"Hijazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.06.004","article-title":"Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Ceylon cinnamon) bark extract attenuates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"29","author":"Sandamali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00232-5","article-title":"Diagnostic role of postmortem CK-MB in cardiac death: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6351","article-title":"The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Amani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0339-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: Preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13145","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13145","article-title":"Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: Classical team with new players","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058739219847837","DOI":"10.1177\/2058739219847837","article-title":"Gentiopicroside attenuates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and NF-\u03baB activation in rat model","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34546","article-title":"Reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species (ROS\/RNS) and oxidative stress in arthroplasty","volume":"108","author":"Hameister","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105371","article-title":"Oxyresveratrol from mulberry branch extract protects HUVECs against oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein-induced oxidative injury via activation of the Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"100","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112412","article-title":"Sinapic acid ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and cardiomyopathy by modulating NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways in streptozocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"145","author":"Raish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.036","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Good or bad?","volume":"93","author":"Lind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.07.090","article-title":"Imeglimin prevents heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by recovering the impaired unfolded protein response in mice subjected to cardiometabolic stress","volume":"572","author":"Kitakata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2018.4208","article-title":"GPR30 Attenuates Myocardial Fibrosis in Diabetic Ovariectomized Female Rats: Role of iNOS Signaling","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01918-2","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid carvacrol triggers the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via the p53\/Bax\/Bcl-2 axis","volume":"40","author":"Moradipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755191","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.755191","article-title":"Use of Anti-angiogenic Drugs Potentially Associated with an Increase on Serum AST, LDH, CK, and CK-MB Activities in Patients with Cancer: A Retrospective Study","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okagu, I.U., Ndefo, J.C., Aham, E.C., and Udenigwe, C.C. (2021). Zanthoxylum Species: A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26134023"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9020219","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9020219","article-title":"Effect of Caesalpinia bonduc Polyphenol Extract on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats in Attenuating Hyperglycemia by Upregulating Insulin Secretion and Inhibiting JNK Signaling Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"33","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening and biological activities of Adina cardifolia","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biochem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.09.023","article-title":"Chemical profiling of Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum Cass.) extracts by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography","volume":"83","author":"Ganzera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.004","article-title":"Chemical characterization of four Brazilian brown propolis: An insight in tracking of its geographical location of production and quality control","volume":"123","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Antioxidant Capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1700508","article-title":"Phenolic profiling of different Jasminum species cultivated in Egypt and their antioxidant activity","volume":"35","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"14","article-title":"423: Acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method","volume":"Volume 4","author":"No","year":"2002","journal-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of selected traditional antiurolithiatic medicinal plant extracts in Wistar albino rats","volume":"7","author":"Alelign","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2019-0035","article-title":"Quantification and assessment of detection capability in imaging mass spectrometry using a revised mimetic tissue model","volume":"11","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e61122","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress in biological samples using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay","volume":"159","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Rat model of food-induced non-obese-type 2 diabetes mellitus: Comparative pathophysiology and histopathology","volume":"4","author":"Adeyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2015.09.096","article-title":"Effects of Reg3 Delta Bioactive Peptide on Blood Glucose Levels and Pancreatic Gene Expression in an Alloxan-Induced Mouse Model of Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Siddique","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001557","article-title":"Systematic review of observational studies reporting antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with solid tumors","volume":"4","author":"Tayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2720-0","article-title":"Enhanced phosphoinositide 3-kinase(p110\u03b1) activity prevents diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy and superoxide generation in a mouse model of diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Ritchie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/14\/5453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:13:09Z","timestamp":1760127189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/14\/5453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28145453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28145453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]}}}