{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:49:21Z","timestamp":1788432561062,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Education Scientific Planning Projects of Shanxi Provence","award":["GH-220367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GH-220367"]}]},{"name":"Education Scientific Planning Projects of Shanxi Provence","award":["XJYY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJYY2021001"]}]},{"name":"Application Projects of Changzhi University","award":["GH-220367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GH-220367"]}]},{"name":"Application Projects of Changzhi University","award":["XJYY2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJYY2021001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Five ester-bonded gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants C12-En-C12 (n = 2, 4, 6), with a flexible spacer group, and C12-Bm-C12 (m = 1, 2), with rigid benzene spacers, were synthesized via a two-step reaction and analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of the spacer structure, spacer length and polymerization degree on the self-aggregation, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 and their corresponding monomer N-dodecyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride DTAC were investigated. The results showed that C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 had markedly lower critical micellar concentration (CMC) values and lower surface tension than DTAC. Moreover, the CMC values of C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 decreased with increasing spacer length. In the case of equivalent chain length, the rigidity and steric hindrance of phenylene and 1,4-benzenediyl resulted in larger CMC values for C12-Bm-C12 than for C12-En-C12. The antibacterial ability of C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 was assessed using Escherichia coli (E.\u00a0coli) and Staphylococcus albus (S. aureus) based on minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Furthermore, C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than DTAC and had stronger function toward S. aureus than E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was enhanced by increasing the spacer chain length and decreased with the increased rigidity of the spacers. The cytotoxic effects of C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 in cultured Hela cells were evaluated by the standard CCK8 method based on half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The cytotoxicity of C12-En-C12 and C12-Bm-C12 was significantly lower than alkanediyl-\u03b1,\u03c9-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium) bromide surfactants and DTAC. The spacer structure and the spacer length could induce significant cytotoxic effects on Hela cells. These findings indicate that the five ester-bonded GQASs have stronger antibacterial activity and lower toxicity profile, and thus can be used in the pharmaceutical industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1689644762000},"page":"5469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Self-Aggregation, Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Ester-Bonded Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salts: The Role of the Spacer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16507","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22368G","article-title":"Synthesis, physiochemical property and antibacterial activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts with a rigid spacer","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2013.10.020","article-title":"Gemini surfactants from natural amino acids","volume":"205","author":"Pinazo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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