{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:40:25Z","timestamp":1790815225489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterocyclic compounds are significant lead drug candidates based on their various structure\u2013activity relationships (SAR), and their use in pharmaceutics is constantly developing. Benzimidazole (BnZ) is synthesized by a condensation reaction between benzene and imidazole. The BnZ structure consists of two nitrogen atoms embedded in a five-membered imide ring which is fused with a benzene ring. This review examines the conventional and green synthesis of metallic and non-metallic BnZ and their derivatives, which have several potential SARs, along with a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tubercular, and anti-protozoal properties. These compounds have been proven by pharmacological investigations to be efficient against different strains of microbes. Therefore, in this review, the structural variations of BnZ are listed along with various applications, predominantly related to their biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T01:02:23Z","timestamp":1689728543000},"page":"5490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A Review of Approaches to the Metallic and Non-Metallic Synthesis of Benzimidazole (BnZ) and Their Derivatives for Biological Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences, P P Savani University, NH 8, GETCO, Near Biltech, Dhamdod, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Avashthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences, P P Savani University, NH 8, GETCO, Near Biltech, Dhamdod, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Gacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Ao\u00fbt 1955 Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-3578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Bioimaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Kyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byong-Hun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"A Review on Chemistry of Benzimidazole Nucleus and its Biological Significance","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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