{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:02:27Z","timestamp":1774414947688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31470968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470968"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31972920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972920"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020YFA0710700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0710700"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of Nanotechnology of China","award":["31470968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470968"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of Nanotechnology of China","award":["31972920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972920"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of Nanotechnology of China","award":["2020YFA0710700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0710700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) contains triterpene acids that can improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. However, controlling the composition and content of these active ingredients in CP extracts is challenging. The main active components in CP triterpene acids, including ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), and betulinic acid (BA), exhibit antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive effects. The response surface methodology was utilized to design and optimize the ratio of UA, OA, and BA based on the inhibition rate of pancrelipase and \u03b1-amylase. The proportional mixture of UA, OA, and BA resulted in the formation of a complex known as Cyclocarya paliurus triterpenoid acid (TAC). Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC), a compound with various physiological functions such as antioxidant properties and tumor inhibition, has been used in combination with TAC to form the TAC\/MSC complex. Our data demonstrate that TAC\/MSC improved palmitic acid (PA)-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells through activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) \/protein kinase B (AKT)\/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3\u03b2) pathway. Moreover, TAC\/MSC effectively improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorder in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), attenuated hepatic steatosis, and reduced oxidative stress to alleviate T2DM characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T21:22:58Z","timestamp":1689801778000},"page":"5499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Rational Combination of Cyclocarya paliurus Triterpene Acid Complex (TAC) and Se-Methylselenocysteine (MSC) Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism via the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3\u03b2 Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xichen","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0451-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Bestcarrier Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Bestcarrier Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enshi Savant Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Enshi 445099, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enshi Savant Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Enshi 445099, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655336","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1655336","article-title":"Potential role of natural plant medicine Cyclocarya paliurus in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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