{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:37:15Z","timestamp":1787240235139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["WDZC20200820150804001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200820150804001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JSGG20200519160752002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20200519160752002"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["RCJC20200714114433069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCJC20200714114433069"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20200109142818589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109142818589"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["320.6750.2022-06-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320.6750.2022-06-50"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2021C02-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02-15"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WDZC20200820150804001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200820150804001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGG20200519160752002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20200519160752002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCJC20200714114433069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCJC20200714114433069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20200109142818589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109142818589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320.6750.2022-06-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320.6750.2022-06-50"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"WU JIEPING MEDICAL FOUNDATION","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C02-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["WDZC20200820150804001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200820150804001"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["JSGG20200519160752002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20200519160752002"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["RCJC20200714114433069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCJC20200714114433069"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["JCYJ20200109142818589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109142818589"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["320.6750.2022-06-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320.6750.2022-06-50"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University","award":["2021C02-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02-15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a common complication in diabetes patients, with foot infections being the leading cause of amputations. Staphylococcus aureus is frequently found in diabetic foot infections, of which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major clinical and epidemiological challenge. Since MRSA strains are resistant to most \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, and also partially resistant to other antibiotics, treatment is difficult and costly. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria often arises from overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Clinically, canagliflozin is commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. On this basis, we investigated the antibacterial activity and mechanism of canagliflozin against MRSA, with the aim to discover novel functions of canagliflozin and provide new insights for the treatment of MRSA. Using the microbroth dilution method to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration of drugs, we found that canagliflozin not only can inhibit the growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) but also exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA. The IC50 values, at approximately 56.01 \u03bcM and 57.60 \u03bcM, were almost the same. At 12 h, canagliflozin showed a significant antibacterial effect against MRSA at and above 30 \u03bcM. In addition, its combined use with penicillin achieved better antibacterial effects, which were increased by about three times. Additive antibacterial activity (FICI = 0.69) was found between penicillin and canagliflozin, which was better than that of doxycycline and canagliflozin (FICI = 0.95). Canagliflozin also affected bacterial metabolic markers, such as glucose, ATP, and lactic acid. The results of crystal violet staining indicate that canagliflozin disrupted the formation of bacterial biofilm. Our electron microscopy results showed that canagliflozin distorted the bacterial cell wall. The results of RT-PCR suggest that canagliflozin down-regulated the expressions of biofilm-related gene (clfA, cna, agrC, mgrA, hld) and methicillin-resistance gene (mecA), which was related to MRSA. Molecular docking also indicated that canagliflozin affected some interesting targets of MRSA, such as the sarA, crtM and fnbA proteins. In conclusion, canagliflozin exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA by affecting bacterial metabolism, inhibiting its biofilm formation, distorting the bacterial cell wall, and altering the gene expression of biofilm formation and its virulence. Our study reveals the antibacterial activity of canagliflozin against MRSA, providing a new reference for treating diabetic foot infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1690424088000},"page":"5668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Canagliflozin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Siyao","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4339-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Open FIESTA Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory 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