{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:45:59Z","timestamp":1787989559615,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["RGP-1443-0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP-1443-0050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural bentonite clay (BE) underwent modification steps that involved the exfoliation of its layers into separated nanosheets (EXBE) and further functionalization of these sheets with methanol, forming methoxy-exfoliated bentonite (Mth\/EXBE). The synthetically modified products were investigated as enhanced carriers of 5-fluorouracil as compared to raw bentonite. The modification process strongly induced loading properties that increased to 214.4 mg\/g (EXBE) and 282.6 mg\/g (Mth\/EXBE) instead of 124.9 mg\/g for bentonite. The loading behaviors were illustrated based on the kinetic (pseudo-first-order model), classic isotherm (Langmuir model), and advanced isotherm modeling (monolayer model of one energy). The Mth\/EBE carrier displays significantly higher loading site density (95.9 mg\/g) as compared to EXBE (66.2 mg\/g) and BE (44.9 mg\/g). The loading numbers of 5-Fu in each site of BE, EXBE, and Mth\/EXBE (&gt;1) reflect the vertical orientation of these loaded ions involving multi-molecular processes. The loading processes that occurred appeared to be controlled by complex physical and weak chemical mechanisms, considering both Gaussian energy (&lt;8 KJ\/mol) as well as loading energy (&lt;40 KJ\/mol). The releasing patterns of EXBE and Mth\/EXBE exhibit prolonged and continuous properties up to 100 h, with Mth\/EXBE displaying much faster behaviors. Based on the release kinetic modeling, the release reactions exhibit non-Fickian transport release properties, validating cooperative diffusion and erosion release mechanisms. The cytotoxicity of 5-Fu is also significantly enhanced by these carriers: 5-Fu\/BE (8.6% cell viability), 5-Fu\/EXBE (2.21% cell viability), and 5-Fu\/Mth\/EXBE (0.73% cell viability).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"5895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of Methoxy-Exfoliated Montmorillonite Nanosheets as Potential Carriers of 5-Fluorouracil Drug with Enhanced Loading, Release, and Cytotoxicity Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0043-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashael D.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"May N.","family":"Bin Jumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0704-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Al-Hashimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa R.","family":"Abukhadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt"},{"name":"Materials Technologies and Their Applications Laboratory, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bellucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124197","article-title":"Insight into novel \u03b2-cyclodextrin-grafted poly (Nvinylcaprolactam) nanogel structures as advanced carriers for 5-fluorouracil: Equilibrium behavior and pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"586","author":"Abukhadra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111781","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in vitro anticancer performance of nanoconjugate based on carbon quantum dots and 5-Fluorouracil","volume":"120","author":"Cutrim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. 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