{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:27:36Z","timestamp":1790749656987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils are a complex mixture of aromatic substances whose pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been widely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and dermal anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from native and cultivated Ecuadorian plants. Essential oils from Bursera graveolens, Dacryodes peruviana, Mespilodaphne quixos, and Melaleuca armillaris were isolated by hydrodistillation and were characterized physically and chemically. Its tolerance was analyzed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The antifungal activity was studied against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, whereas the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by a mouse ear edema model. The main compounds were limonene, \u03b1-phellandrene, (E)-methyl cinnamate, and 1,8-cineole, respectively. All essential oils showed high tolerability for skin application, antifungal activity against the three Candida strains, and anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing edema and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dacryodes peruviana essential oil showed the highest antifungal activity. On the other hand, Dacryodes peruviana and Melaleuca armillaris showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, decreasing edema by 53.3% and 65.25%, respectively, and inhibiting the overexpression of TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, IL-17A, and IL-23. The results suggest that these essential oils could be used as alternative therapies in the treatment of both cutaneous candidiasis and dermal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"5903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Therapeutic Applications of Essential Oils from Native and Cultivated Ecuadorian Plants: Cutaneous Candidiasis and Dermal Anti-Inflammatory Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lilian","family":"Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Research Institute (IIM), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Research Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lupe Carolina","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9958-5042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Valarezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5363-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Bozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i F\u00edsicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"F\u00e1brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Parc of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Baldom\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9012-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultat de Qu\u00edmica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Mallandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament Farm\u00e0cia, Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i F\u00edsicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.06.002","article-title":"Amphotericin B releasing nanoparticle topical treatment of Candida spp. in the setting of a burn wound","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14101033","article-title":"Development of a Topical Amphotericin B and Bursera graveolens Essential Oil-Loaded Gel for the Treatment of Dermal Candidiasis","volume":"14","author":"Espinoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.02.021","article-title":"Unique mechanistic insights into pathways associated with the synergistic activity of polymyxin B and caspofungin against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"20","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030097","article-title":"Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080667","article-title":"Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.05.007","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B, micafungin and fluconazole against non-albicans Candida species biofilms","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9010080","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis Virulence and Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Key Determinants","volume":"9","author":"Branco","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9040308","article-title":"Gel Formulations with an Echinocandin for Cutaneous Candidiasis: The Influence of Azone and Transcutol on Biopharmaceutical Features","volume":"9","author":"Espinoza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070312","article-title":"Thermoreversible Gel-Loaded Amphotericin B for the Treatment of Dermal and Vaginal Candidiasis","volume":"11","author":"Sosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101762","article-title":"In vivo antifungal activity of nanoemulsions containing eucalyptus or lemongrass essential oils in murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"57","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111824","article-title":"Immune Cell Plasticity in Inflammation: Insights into Description and Regulation of Immune Cell Phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Margraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030255","article-title":"Topical Pioglitazone Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: Design, Characterization and Efficacy in Hairless Mouse Model","volume":"12","author":"Espinoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v20.i2.10","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 signaling in macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover, L., Bochicchio, G.V., Napolitano, L.M., Joshi, M., Bochicchio, K., Meyer, W., and Scalea, T.M. (2006). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and nosocomial infection in trauma. J. Trauma, 61.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000229052.75460.c2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2593","article-title":"T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines","volume":"183","author":"Fossiez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318759282","article-title":"Interleukin 23 in the skin: Role in psoriasis pathogenesis and selective interleukin 23 blockade as treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13s","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00113-8","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Physiologic foundations and clinical implications","volume":"106","author":"Whelton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5253623","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5253623","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2018","author":"Sriuttha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8878927","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8878927","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of 16 Essential Oils of Herbs","volume":"2020","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. Ecam"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5995(00)80014-9","article-title":"Biological activity of essential oils and their constituents","volume":"Volume 21","year":"2000","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharmeen, J.B., Mahomoodally, F.M., Zengin, G., and Maggi, F. (2021). Essential Oils as Natural Sources of Fragrance Compounds for Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030666"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., and Giannenas, I. (2020). Feed Additives, Academic Press. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The Plant List (2020, July 03). Burseraceae. Available online: http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgesen, P.M., and Le\u00f3n-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, S. (2020, July 11). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Available online: http:\/\/legacy.tropicos.org\/ProjectAdvSearch.aspx?projectid=2."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114611","article-title":"Potential of Bursera graveolens essential oil for controlling bean weevil infestations: Toxicity, repellence, and action targets","volume":"178","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2016.1278405","article-title":"Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch and Schinus molle L. on unengorged larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari:Ixodidae)","volume":"29","author":"Saa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Torre, L.d.l., Navarrete, H., Muriel, M.P., Mac\u00eda Barco, M.J., and Balslev, H. (2008). Enciclopedia de las Plantas \u00datiles del Ecuador, Herbario QCA de la Escuela de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador and Herbario AAU del Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas de la Universidad de Aarhus."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121658","article-title":"Extraction and Study of the Essential Oil of Copal (Dacryodes peruviana), an Amazonian Fruit with the Highest Yield Worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Valarezo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The Plant List (2022, July 04). Lauraceae. Available online: http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org\/1.1\/browse\/A\/Piperaceae\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica (2021, July 03). Lauraceae. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/plant\/Meliaceae."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boz010","article-title":"Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Ocotea complex (Lauraceae): Classification principles and reinstatement of Mespilodaphne","volume":"190","author":"Trofimov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Palacios, W. (2011). \u00c1rboles del Ecuador: Familias y G\u00e9neros, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador-MAE."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.10.002","article-title":"Ocotea quixos Lam. essential oil: In vitro and in vivo investigation on its anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"81","author":"Ballabeni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.07.019","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) flower calices","volume":"85","author":"Bruni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2006.09.009","article-title":"Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of essential oil from wild Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) calices from Amazonian Ecuador","volume":"55","author":"Ballabeni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019024","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of Ocimum campechianum, Ocotea quixos and Piper aduncum essential oils against Aedes aegypti","volume":"26","author":"Scalvenzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.105065","article-title":"Essential oils from Ocotea species: Chemical variety, biological activities and geographic availability","volume":"156","author":"Passos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"WFO Plant List (2023, February 20). Myrtaceae Juss. Available online: https:\/\/wfoplantlist.org\/plant-list."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0168","article-title":"Chemical Study and Antimalarial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities of Melaleuca armillaris (Sol Ex Gateau) Sm Essential Oil","volume":"14","author":"Chabir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16580","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131216580","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils from Three Melaleuca Species Grown in Tunisia","volume":"13","author":"Amri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-33062009000200030","article-title":"Etnobot\u00e1nica, anatom\u00eda y caracterizaci\u00f3n f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmica del aceite esencial de Baccharis obovata Hook. et Arn. (Asteraceae: Astereae)","volume":"23","author":"Molares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Bras."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010021","article-title":"Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Essential Oils on the Central Nervous System","volume":"11","author":"Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5979546","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5979546","article-title":"Evaluation of Skin Irritation and Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils in Rabbit and Mice","volume":"2019","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11223104","article-title":"Characterization and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Copal (Dacryodes peruviana (Loes.) H.J. Lam) Essential Oil","volume":"11","author":"Espinoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019752","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019752","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antifungal Drug Resistance","volume":"5","author":"Cowen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1648","article-title":"Essential oil of wild Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) leaves from Amazonian Ecuador","volume":"21","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valarezo, E., Vullien, A., and Conde-Rojas, D. (2021). Variability of the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Amazonian Ishpingo Species (Ocotea quixos). Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133961"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.04.044","article-title":"Mechanism of action of Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. Ex Gaertu) Sm. essential oil on six LAB strains as assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry and automated microtiter-based assay","volume":"111","author":"Hayouni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.03.017","article-title":"Nanoemulsion strategy of pioglitazone for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases","volume":"19","author":"Espinoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez, C.R., Terrazas, L.I., Jimenez-Estrada, M., Campos, J.E., Flores-Ortiz, C.M., Hernandez, L.B., Cruz-Sanchez, T., Garrido-Fari\u00f1a, G.I., Rodriguez-Monroy, M.A., and Canales-Martinez, M.M. (2017). Anti-Candida Activity of Bursera morelensis Ramirez Essential Oil and Two Compounds, \u03b1-Pinene and \u03b3-Terpinene\u2014An In Vitro Study. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122095"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s429","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.51.3s.62","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) From Per\u00fa","volume":"51","author":"Mendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113144","article-title":"Antifungal activity and mechanism of d-limonene against foodborne opportunistic pathogen Candida tropicalis","volume":"159","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lwt"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"565","article-title":"Limonene inhibits Candida albicans growth by inducing apoptosis","volume":"56","author":"Thakre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Terpenoids inhibit Candida albicans growth by affecting membrane integrity and arrest of cell cycle","volume":"18","author":"Zore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40529-017-0168-8","article-title":"Anti-fungal activity, mechanism studies on alpha-Phellandrene and Nonanal against Penicillium cyclopium","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangaleela, S., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Kesika, P., Tiyajamorn, T., Bharathi, M., and Chaiyasut, C. (2022). A Narrative Review on the Bioactivity and Health Benefits of Alpha-Phellandrene. Sci. Pharm., 90.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm90040057"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6932","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049444v","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Citrus Essences on Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"52","author":"Belletti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8036227","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Methyl trans-Cinnamate on Mushroom Tyrosinase and Its Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2010.101.106","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamomum impressicostatum and C. pubescens and Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Bioactive (E)-Methyl Cinnamate","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Duran, J., Torres, R., Stashenko, E.E., and Ortiz, C. (2023). Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity of Colombian Essential Oils against Different Candida Strains. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040668"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, R.A.d., Antonieti, F.M.P.M., R\u00f6der, D.V.D.d.B., and Pedroso, R.d.S. (2021). Essential Oils of Melaleuca, Citrus, Cupressus, and Litsea for the Management of Infections Caused by Candida Species: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101700"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.10.009","article-title":"Seasonality influence on the chemical composition and antifungal activity of Psidium myrtoides O. Berg","volume":"128","author":"Coutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp362","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures","volume":"64","author":"Hendry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12260709","article-title":"The Mouse Ear Inflammatory Response to Topical Arachidonic Acid","volume":"82","author":"Young","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.04.044","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of 27 selected terpenoid compounds tested through modulating Th1\/Th2 cytokine secretion profiles using murine primary splenocytes","volume":"141","author":"Ku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.09.002","article-title":"D-Limonene modulates T lymphocyte activity and viability","volume":"279","author":"Lappas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"29","article-title":"Skin repair properties of dLimonene and perillyl alcohol in murine models. Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Allergy Agents","volume":"13","author":"Mirshahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2016.1195462","article-title":"Limonene and its ozone-initiated reaction products attenuate allergic lung inflammation in mice","volume":"13","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"137","article-title":"Ethosomal Gel Formulation of Alpha Phellandrene for the Transdermal Delivery in Gout","volume":"11","author":"Babu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11381","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and Pro-\/Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cinnamates, Acrylates and Methacrylates Against RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"32","author":"Murakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pries, R., Jeschke, S., Leichtle, A., and Bruchhage, K.-L. (2023). Modes of Action of 1,8-Cineol in Infections and Inflammation. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060751"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"100480","article-title":"Comparison of the phenolic composition and biological capacities of wastewater from Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. and Thymus mastichina L. resulting from two hydrodistillation systems: Clevenger and MAE","volume":"34","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2020). Essential Oils-Determination of Relative Density at 20 \u00b0C\u2014Reference Method (Standard No. ISO 279:1998)."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2020). Essential Oils-Determination of Refractive Index (Standard No. ISO 280:1998)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2020). Essential Oils-Determination of Optical Rotation (Standard No. ISO 592:1998)."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X","article-title":"A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas\u2014Liquid partition chromatography","volume":"11","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01935.x","article-title":"EUCAST Definitive Document EDef 7.1: Method for the determination of broth dilution MICs of antifungal agents for fermentative yeasts: Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)\u2217","volume":"14","author":"Arendrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/15\/5903\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:26:36Z","timestamp":1760127996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/15\/5903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28155903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28155903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]}}}