{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:44:39Z","timestamp":1792007079928,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary non-psychoactive chemical from Cannabis Sativa, a plant used for centuries for both recreational and medicinal purposes. CBD lacks the psychotropic effects of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and has shown great therapeutic potential. CBD exerts a wide spectrum of effects at a molecular, cellular, and organ level, affecting inflammation, oxidative damage, cell survival, pain, vasodilation, and excitability, among others, modifying many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is evidence that CBD may be effective in treating several human disorders, like anxiety, chronic pain, psychiatric pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Multiple cellular and pre-clinical studies using animal models of disease and several human trials have shown that CBD has an overall safe profile. In this review article, we summarize the pharmacokinetics data, the putative mechanisms of action of CBD, and the physiological effects reported in pre-clinical studies to give a comprehensive list of the findings and major effects attributed to this compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1691577048000},"page":"5980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3069-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Martinez Naya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazmin","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2275-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Corna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Golino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Abbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Toldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.04.007","article-title":"Minor oxygenated cannabinoids from high potency Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"117","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo-Rodriguez, E., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., and Monti, J.M. (2021). Cannabinoids and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Springer International Publishing. 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