{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:27:50Z","timestamp":1771489670501,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitroxides are stable, low molecular-weight radicals containing a nitroxide group that has an unpaired electron. The presence of a nitroxide group determines their redox properties. The effect of the piperidine nitroxides, Tempo, Tempol, and Tempamine, on metalloproteins (hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and lactate dehydrogenase in red blood cells was investigated in this research. In addition, the level of lipid peroxidation and the level of protein carbonyl groups were examined as indicators of the effect of oxidative stress. Nitroxides increased superoxide dismutase activity and oxidized hemoglobin to methemoglobin, and also slightly decreased the catalase activity of red blood cells treated with nitroxides. Tempol significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity. All three nitroxides had no effect on membrane lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Our results confirm that nitroxides have both antioxidant and prooxidative effects in human red blood cells. The piperidine nitroxides do not initiate the oxidation of proteins and lipids in the membranes of human red blood cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28166174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:46:22Z","timestamp":1692665182000},"page":"6174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Piperidine Nitroxides on the Properties of Metalloproteins in Human Red Blood Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Stella","family":"Bujak-Pietrek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pieniazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gwozdzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Gwozdzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.030","article-title":"The chemistry and biology of nitroxide compounds","volume":"42","author":"Soule","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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