{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:11:48Z","timestamp":1782256308306,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["20202BAB216041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216041"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["20224ACB206044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224ACB206044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial drugs, antibacterial resistance is becoming a critical global health problem. New antibacterial agents are effective measures for overcoming the crisis of drug resistance. In this paper, a novel set of ciprofloxacin-indole\/acetophenone hybrids was designed, synthesized, and structurally elucidated with the help of NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these hybrids against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including four multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, were evaluated and compared with those of the parent drug ciprofloxacin (CIP). All the target compounds (MIC = 0.0625\u201332 \u03bcg\/mL) exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against the strains tested. Among them, 3a (MIC = 0.25\u20138 \u03bcg\/mL) showed comparable or slightly less potent activity than CIP. The most active hybrid, 8b (MIC = 0.0626\u20131 \u03bcg\/mL), showed equal or higher activity than CIP. Moreover, compound 8b showed superior bactericidal capability to CIP, with undetectably low resistance frequencies. Furthermore, molecular docking studies conducted showed that 8b and CIP had a similar binding mode to DNA gyrase (Staphylocouccus aureus). Thus, hybrids 3a and 8b could act as a platform for further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28176325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"6325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin\u2014Indole Hybrids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343000, China"},{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343000, China"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunli","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianqing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343000, China"},{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Medicine Research of Jinggangshan University, Jinggangshan University, Ji\u2019an 343009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14178-w","article-title":"Pharmaceutical effluent: A critical link in the interconnected ecosystem promoting antimicrobial resistance","volume":"28","author":"Kotwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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