{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:46:58Z","timestamp":1790714818303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP09057924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09057924"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A review of the current literature shows there is no clear consensus regarding the reaction mechanisms of air-borne aromatic compounds such as toluene by photocatalytic oxidation. Potential oxidation reactions over TiO2 or TiO2-based catalysts under ultraviolet and visible (UV\/VIS) illumination are most commonly considered for removal of these pollutants. Along the pathways from a model pollutant, toluene, to final mineralization products (CO2 and H2O), the formation of several intermediates via specific reactions include parallel oxidation reactions and formation of less-reactive intermediates on the TiO2 surface. The latter may occupy active adsorption sites and causes drastic catalyst deactivation in some cases. Major hazardous gas-phase intermediates are benzene and formaldehyde, classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 carcinogenic compounds. Adsorbed intermediates leading to catalyst deactivation are benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and cresols. The three most typical pathways of toluene photocatalytic oxidation are reviewed: methyl group oxidation, aromatic ring oxidation, and aromatic ring opening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"6451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Reaction Steps in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene in Gas Phase\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yerzhigit","family":"Tulebekov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhandos","family":"Orazov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagdat","family":"Satybaldiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"LLP \u00abEcoRadSM\u00bb, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Sciences Laboratory, Nebraska Water Center, Part of the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolat","family":"Uralbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"LLP \u00abEcoRadSM\u00bb, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20184","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA03705F","article-title":"Photocatalytic Reaction Mechanisms at a Gas-Solid Interface for Typical Air Pollutant Decomposition","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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