{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:38:46Z","timestamp":1792805926203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","award":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]},{"name":"One Health European Joint Programme","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}]},{"name":"One Health European Joint Programme","award":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"]}]},{"name":"One Health European Joint Programme","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Poland","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k3v9512","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Poland","award":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k3v9512","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), Poland","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k3v9512","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["773830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["773830"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JRP15-AMR2.1-FED-AMR"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the prudent and reasonable use of veterinary antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals is necessary, researchers over the decades have shown that these antimicrobial agents can spread into the environment through livestock manure and wastewater. The analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial compounds in soil samples is of a great importance to determine potential impacts on human and animal health and the environment. In this study, an affordable, rugged and simple analytical method has been developed for the determination of twenty-nine antimicrobial compounds from five different classes (tetracyclines, fluoro(quinolones), macrolides, sulfonamides and diaminopirimidines). Liquid\u2013liquid extraction (LLE) with extract filtration combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS\/MS) was the best strategy for the simultaneous determination of all analytes. The developed method was validated according to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021\/808. The limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 \u00b5g\/kg, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was established at 1.0 to 20.0 \u00b5g\/kg. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of antimicrobial residues in one hundred and eighteen soil samples obtained from four European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia and Portugal). Doxycycline in the concentration levels of 9.07 \u00b5g\/kg\u201320.6 \u00b5g\/kg was detected in eight of the analysed samples. Samples were collected from areas where natural fertilizers (swine or cow manure) were applied. Our method can be efficiently used to monitor anti-microbial compounds in soil samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1694081390000},"page":"6496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of 29 Antimicrobial Compounds in Soil Using Newly Developed UHPLC-MS\/MS Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7463-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Gbylik-Sikorska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Felipe-Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIISA\u2014Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Cabal-Rosel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), 1220 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanel","family":"Tenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0262-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ko\u0159\u00ednkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health\u2014(NIPH), 10042 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kr\u00f5\u00f5t","family":"Arbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veljo","family":"Kisand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu (UT), 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Rab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Brandtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), 1220 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (2019). 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