{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T17:10:57Z","timestamp":1794330657684,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Green approaches for nanoparticle synthesis have emerged as biocompatible, economical, and environment-friendly alternatives to counteract the menace of microbial drug resistance. Recently, the utilization of honey as a green source to synthesize Fe2O3-NPs has been introduced, but its antibacterial activity against one of the opportunistic MDR pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, has not been explored. Therefore, this study employed Apis mellifera honey as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs). Subsequent to the characterization of nanoparticles, their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties were appraised. In UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, the absorption band ascribed to the SPR peak was observed at 350 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of Fe2O3-NPs, and the crystal size was deduced to be 36.2 nm. Elemental analysis by EDX validated the presence of iron coupled with oxygen in the nanoparticle composition. In ICP-MS, the highest concentration was of iron (87.15 ppm), followed by sodium (1.49 ppm) and other trace elements (&lt;1 ppm). VSM analysis revealed weak magnetic properties of Fe2O3-NPs. Morphological properties of Fe2O3-NPs revealed by SEM demonstrated that their average size range was 100\u2013150 nm with a non-uniform spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of Fe2O3-NPs was ascertained against 30 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zone recorded being 10 mm. The MIC value for Fe2O3-NPs was 30 \u00b5g\/mL. However, when mingled with three selected antibiotics, Fe2O3-NPs did not affect any antibacterial activity. Momentous antioxidant (IC50 = 22 \u00b5g\/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 70 \u00b5g\/mL) activities of Fe2O3-NPs were discerned in comparison with the standard at various concentrations. Consequently, honey-mediated Fe2O3-NP synthesis may serve as a substitute for orthodox antimicrobial drugs and may be explored for prospective biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T08:01:30Z","timestamp":1694160090000},"page":"6504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Apis mellifera Honey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamna","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aqeel Ahmed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Nizam Uddin","family":"Shah Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjum Zehra","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqra","family":"Arooj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehvish","family":"Javeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Dad","family":"Chandio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6675-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), PCSIR Head Office, 01-Constitution Avenue, Sector G-5\/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9590-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadaf Jamal","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, Foundation Year, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"May Nasser","family":"Bin Jumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Environment and Biomaterial Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Saudi Society for Applied Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-020-02426-1","article-title":"Green biomimetic silver nanoparticles utilizing the red algae Amphiroa rigida and its potent antibacterial, cytotoxicity and larvicidal efficiency","volume":"44","author":"Gopu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. 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