{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T23:44:45Z","timestamp":1774482285851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21101107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21101107"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51173107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51173107"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["PCRRF19017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCRRF19017"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation","award":["21101107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21101107"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation","award":["51173107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51173107"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation","award":["PCRRF19017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCRRF19017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus anthracis has gained international attention as a deadly bacterium and a potentially deadly biological warfare agent. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is the main component of the protective layer of anthracis spores, and is also an anthrax biomarker. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore an efficient and sensitive DPA detection method. Herein, a novel ratio hybrid probe (CQDs-PIL-Eu3+) was prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as an internal reference fluorescence and a covalent bond between CQDs and Eu3+ by using a polyionic liquid (PIL) as a bridge molecule. The ratiometric fluorescence probe was found to have the characteristics of sensitive fluorescence visual sensing in detecting DPA. The structure and the sensing properties of CQDs-PIL-Eu3+ were investigated in detail. In particular, the fluorescence intensity ratio of Eu3+ to CQDs (I616\/I440) was linear with the concentration of DPA in the range of 0\u201350 \u03bcM, so the detection limit of the probe was as low as 32 nm, which was far lower than the DPA dose released by the number of anthrax spores in human body (60 \u03bcM) and, thus, can achieve sensitive detection. Therefore, the ratiometric fluorescence probe in this work has the characteristics of strong anti-interference, visual sensing, and high sensitivity, which provides a very promising scheme for the realization of anthrax biomarker DPA detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:11:18Z","timestamp":1694423478000},"page":"6557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Detection of Anthrax Biomarker DPA by Ratiometric Fluorescence Probe of Carbon Quantum Dots and Europium Hybrid Material Based on Poly(ionic)- Liquid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Transfer Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121548","article-title":"A design strategy of dual-ratiomentric optical probe based on europium-doped carbon dots for colorimetric and fluorescent visual detection of anthrax biomarker","volume":"222","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1039\/D1DT03760A","article-title":"Three novel metal-organic frameworks with different coordination modes for trace detection of anthrax biomarkers","volume":"51","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122311","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescence detection of anthrax biomarker based on terbium (III) functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets","volume":"230","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB00585J","article-title":"A graphene quantum dots based fluorescent sensor for anthrax biomarker detection and its size dependence","volume":"3","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5036","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC00757G","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe based on terbium functionalized carbon dots for highly sensitive detection of an anthrax biomarker","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.05.005","article-title":"Fast and sensitive detection of an anthrax biomarker using SERS-based solenoid microfluidic sensor","volume":"72","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.07.066","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA sensor for anthrax toxin activator gene atxA-detection of PCR amplicons","volume":"74","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of spore contamination in pepper by determination of dipicolinic acid with a highly sensitive HPLC approach","volume":"19","author":"Fichtel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202606x","article-title":"GC\/MS method for positive detection of Bacillus anthracis endospores","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201400255","article-title":"Nanopore back titration analysis of dipicolinic acid","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36081","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b11650","article-title":"Europium-functionalized flexible luminescent zeolite-like supramolecular assembly for ratiometric anthrax biomarker determination","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.027","article-title":"Dual lanthanide-doped complexes: The development of a time-resolved ratiometric fluorescent probe for anthrax biomarker and a paper-based visual sensor","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c00838","article-title":"Europium (III)-modified silver nanoparticles as ratiometric colorimetric and fluorescent dual-mode probes for selective detection of dipicolinic acid in bacterial spores and lake waters","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC00364F","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescence detection of anthrax biomarker 2,6-dipicolinic acid using hetero MOF sensors through ligand regulation","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03369-6","article-title":"A structure-dependent ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on metal-organic framework for detection of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid","volume":"413","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR00381F","article-title":"Facile synthesis of red dual-emissive carbon dots for ratiometric fluorescence sensing and cellular imaging","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00715","article-title":"One-Pot synthesis of orange emissive carbon quantum dots for all-Type high color rendering index white light-emitting diodes","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.02.011","article-title":"Carboxylated carbon quantum dot-induced binary metal\u2013organic framework nanosheet synthesis to boost the electrocatalytic performance","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01899","article-title":"Machine learning driven synthesis of carbon dots with enhanced quantum yield","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128997","article-title":"A dual-emission fluorescence sensor for ultrasensitive sensing mercury in milk based on carbon quantum dots modified with europium (III) complexes","volume":"328","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2021.113261","article-title":"One-step ratiometric fluorescence sensing of ascorbic acid in food samples by carbon dots-referenced lanthanide probe","volume":"413","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.01.113","article-title":"Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for the determination and the differentiation of the rare earth element ions","volume":"198","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120755","article-title":"Carbon dots mediated charge sinking effect for boosting hydrogen evolution in Cu-In-Zn-S QDs\/MoS2 photocatalysts","volume":"301","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2021.109890","article-title":"Ultralong lifetime room-temperature phosphorescence in aqueous medium from silica confined polymer carbon dots for auto luminescence-free bioimaging and multilevel information encryption","volume":"197","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127289","article-title":"Facile synthesis of multifunctional carbon dots with 54.4% orange emission for label-free detection of morin and endogenous\/exogenous hypochlorite","volume":"424","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126748","article-title":"A selectivity-enhanced ratiometric fluorescence imprinted sensor based on synergistic effect of covalent and non-covalent recognition units for ultrasensitive detection of ribavirin","volume":"421","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.02.046","article-title":"Polyamine-functionalized carbon quantum dots for chemical sensing","volume":"50","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32247","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04645","article-title":"Bipyridine- and copper-functionalized N-doped carbon dots for fluorescence turn off-on detection of ciprofloxacin","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121838","article-title":"A Cu2+-assisted fluorescence switch biosensor for detecting of coenzyme A employing nitrogen-doped carbon dots","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13206","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c03868","article-title":"Facile and green synthesis of bifunctional carbon dots for detection of Cu2+ and ClO\u2212 in aqueous solution","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124870","article-title":"Fluorescent detection of dipicolinic acid as a biomarker in bacterial spores employing terbium ion-coordinated magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"408","author":"Koo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT03906C","article-title":"A weakly luminescent Tb-MOF-based \u201cturn-on\u201d sensor for the highly selective and sensitive sensing of an anthrax biomarker","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2018.12.036","article-title":"Europium functionalized silicon quantum dots nanomaterials for ratiometric fluorescence detection of Bacillus anthrax biomarker","volume":"212","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2978-0","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle based fluorometric turn-on determination of dipicolinic acid, a biomarker of bacterial spores","volume":"185","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/18\/6557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:48:25Z","timestamp":1760129305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/18\/6557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28186557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28186557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}