{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:58:51Z","timestamp":1792699131575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals has received considerable attention, primarily focusing on active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) while largely neglecting the potential hazards posed by pharmaceutical excipients. Therefore, we analyzed the ecotoxicity of 16 commonly used pharmaceutical excipients, as well as 26 API\u2013excipient and excipient\u2013excipient mixtures utilizing the Microtox\u00ae test. In this way, we assessed the potential risks that pharmaceutical excipients, generally considered safe, might pose to the aquatic environment. We investigated both their individual ecotoxicity and their interactions with tablet ingredients using concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models to shed light on the often-overlooked ecotoxicological consequences of these substances. The CA model gave a more accurate prediction of toxicity and should be recommended for modeling the toxicity of combinations of drugs with different effects. A challenge when studying the ecotoxicological impact of some pharmaceutical excipients is their poor water solubility, which hinders the use of standard aquatic ecotoxicity testing techniques. Therefore, we used a modification of the Microtox\u00ae Basic Solid Phase protocol developed for poorly soluble substances. The results obtained suggest the high toxicity of some excipients, i.e., SLS and meglumine, and confirm the occurrence of interactions between APIs and excipients. Through this research, we hope to foster a better understanding of the ecological impact of pharmaceutical excipients, prompting the development of risk assessment strategies within the pharmaceutical industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T05:31:28Z","timestamp":1694583088000},"page":"6590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Can Pharmaceutical Excipients Threaten the Aquatic Environment? A Risk Assessment Based on the Microtox\u00ae Biotest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Turek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5980-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"R\u00f3\u017cycka-Soko\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Koprowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Marciniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ba\u0142czewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan D\u0142ugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"},{"name":"Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2015.08.004","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment for excipients from galenical pharmaceutical production in wastewater and receiving water","volume":"1","author":"Wirz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. 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