{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:01:07Z","timestamp":1791939667345,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Parma","award":["P27987-N28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P27987-N28"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P27987-N28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P27987-N28"]}]},{"name":"Department for Economy, Northern Ireland, UK","award":["P27987-N28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P27987-N28"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon\u2013phosphorus (C\u2013P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C\u2013P bond is ultimately cleaved\u2014i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"6863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ruffolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Dinhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-8144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Zangelmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason P.","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Pallitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3254-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Peracchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00536","article-title":"Phosphonate Biochemistry","volume":"117","author":"Horsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. 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