{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:00:53Z","timestamp":1792252853215,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention due to their biological activities. Thus, a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (Th-nanoemulsion) was prepared using a safe and eco-friendly method. DLS and TEM were used to characterize the prepared Th-nanoemulsion. Our findings showed that the nanoemulsion was spherical and ranged in size from 20 to 55.2 nm. The micro-broth dilution experiment was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a Th-emulsion and the Th-nanoemulsion. The MIC50 values of the thymol nanoemulsion were 62.5 mg\/mL against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 mg\/mL against Bacillus cereus, and 125 mg\/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, it emerged that the MIC50 values of thymol against four strains were not detected. Moreover, the Th-nanoemulsion exhibited promising antifungal activity toward A. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus, where inhibition zones and MIC50 were 20.5 \u00b1 1.32 and 26.4 \u00b1 1.34 mm, and 12.5 and 6.25 mg\/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the Th-nanoemulsion displayed weak antifungal activity toward C. albicans where the inhibition zone was 12.0 \u00b1 0.90 and MIC was 50 mg\/mL. Also, the Th-emulsion exhibited antifungal activity, but lower than that of the Th-nanoemulsion, toward all the tested fungal strains, where MIC was in the range of 12.5\u201350 mg\/mL. The in vitro anticancer effects of Taxol, Th-emulsion, and Th-nanoemulsion were evaluated using the standard MTT method against breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Additionally, the concentration of VEGFR-2 was measured, and the activities of caspase-8 (casp-8) and caspase-9 (casp-9) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was the most potent against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (20.1 \u00b1 0.85 \u00b5g\/mL), and was 125.1 \u00b1 5.29 \u00b5g\/mL after the Th-emulsion treatment. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, 20.1 \u00b1 0.85 \u00b5g\/mL, was achieved when the MCF-7 cell line was treated with the Th-nanoemulsion. In addition, Th-nanoemulsion treatments on MCF-7 cells led to the highest elevations in casp-8 and casp-9 activities (0.66 \u00b1 0.042 ng\/mL and 17.8 \u00b1 0.39 pg\/mL, respectively) compared to those with Th-emulsion treatments. In comparison to that with the Th-emulsion (0.982 0.017 ng\/mL), the VEGFR-2 concentration was lower with the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (0.672 \u00b1 0.019ng\/mL). In conclusion, the Th-nanoemulsion was successfully prepared and appeared in nanoform with a spherical shape according to DLS and TEM, and also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, as well as anticancer activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:56:49Z","timestamp":1696247809000},"page":"6910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Thymus Vulgaris Oil Nanoemulsion: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Doghish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Shehabeldine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"El-Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Hassanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ornamental, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Disease Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Al-Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Marey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamada","family":"AbdElgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Review on application and management of medicinal plants for the livelihood of the local community","volume":"22","author":"Beyene","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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