{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:42:34Z","timestamp":1789562554495,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["NSTC 112-2113-M-027-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2113-M-027-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["RCAMS\/KKU\/003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCAMS\/KKU\/003-23"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS)","award":["NSTC 112-2113-M-027-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2113-M-027-001"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS)","award":["RCAMS\/KKU\/003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCAMS\/KKU\/003-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant advancements have been made in the development of CO2 reduction processes for applications such as electrosynthesis, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Several materials have demonstrated great potential in achieving high activity and selectivity for the desired reduction products. Nevertheless, these advancements have primarily been limited to small-scale laboratory settings, and the considerable technical obstacles associated with large-scale CO2 reduction have not received sufficient attention. Many of the researchers have been faced with persistent challenges in the catalytic process, primarily stemming from the low Faraday efficiency, high overpotential, and low limiting current density observed in the production of the desired target product. The highlighted materials possess the capability to transform CO2 into various oxygenates, including ethanol, methanol, and formates, as well as hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane. A comprehensive summary of the recent research progress on these discussed types of electrocatalysts is provided, highlighting the detailed examination of their electrocatalytic activity enhancement strategies. This serves as a valuable reference for the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts with different orientations. This review encompasses the latest developments in catalyst materials and cell designs, presenting the leading materials utilized for the conversion of CO2 into various valuable products. Corresponding designs of cells and reactors are also included to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28207016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1696933422000},"page":"7016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of Different Kinds of Electrocatalyst for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Reactions: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tse-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesan","family":"Anushya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, St. Joseph College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai 602 117, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramanujam","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sri Kumara Gurupara Swamigal Arts College (Affiliated to Manomaniam Sundaranar University), Srivaikuntam, Thoothukudi 628 619, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"G. Al-Sehemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saranvignesh","family":"Alargarsamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pandi","family":"Gajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The Madura College (Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Vidya Nagar, Madurai 625 011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasu","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The Madura College (Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Vidya Nagar, Madurai 625 011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21427","DOI":"10.1021\/jp105895a","article-title":"Development of an amperometric cholesterol biosensorbasedon graphene-Ptnanoparticlehybrid material","volume":"114","author":"Dey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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