{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:42:58Z","timestamp":1787236978786,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the negative impact of unforeseen contaminants such as metals in commonly consumed food items, which pose a threat to human well-being. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the levels of these contaminants to guarantee the safe consumption of these food items. The goal of the current research is to determine the levels of essential (EMs: Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) and potentially toxic metals (PTMs: Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb) in various brands of wheat-based sweets. One hundred samples were collected and analysed via flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma\u2013optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Also, the current study was to investigate the distribution, correlation, and multivariate analysis of 13 metals (Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to interpret the metals\u2019 association. The concentration (mg\/kg) ranges of EMs were, in order, Mg (12.70\u201365.67), Ca (24.02\u2013209.12), Mn (1.32\u20139.61), Fe (4.55\u2013111.23), Co (0.32\u20138.94), Cu (2.12\u20138.61), and Zn (2.60\u201319.36), while the concentration (mg\/kg) ranges of PTMs were, in order, Al (0.32\u20130.87), Cr (0.17\u20135.74), Ni (0.36\u20131.54), Cd (0.16\u20130.56), and Pb (0.14\u20130.92), and As was not detected in any sample under investigation. The HCA data revealed that Co, Al, and Ni form clusters with other metals. Sweets are prepared at high temperatures, and the elevated temperatures can increase the likelihood of Ni and Al leaching from stainless steel. Tolerable dietary intake (TDI) values for Ni were higher than the values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The CR value found for the Ni and Cr was at the threshold level of cancer risk, if an amount of 25 g were to be used over a lifetime. In a nutshell, this study highlights the monitoring of EM and PTM levels in wheat-based sweets, and from a food safety perspective, the study is important for consumers of wheat-based sweets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:53:32Z","timestamp":1698756812000},"page":"7365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2285-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6961-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Salman","family":"Shafqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0168-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudassar","family":"Sanaullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Shakoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSH Pharmaceuticals (Pvt.) Ltd., Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Imtiaz","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"},{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics and Drug Designing, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Kiran","family":"Shahzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3498-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer A.","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema","family":"Zargar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 222452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.9790\/2402-1107010611","article-title":"Quality assessment of sweetmeat (Rosogolla) of Dhaka and Tangail region of Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Prodhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. 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