{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:51:19Z","timestamp":1792029079546,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Walailak University Graduate Research Fund","award":["HP020\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HP020\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human \u03bc-opioid receptors and antagonists at \u03ba- and \u03b4-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes\u2019 upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T12:53:32Z","timestamp":1698756812000},"page":"7372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rahni","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9337-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abida","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1325-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manit","family":"Nuinoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunwadee","family":"Noonong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitbanjong","family":"Tangpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazi Helal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), Pasadena, CA 91105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Atiar","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Product (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1021\/np040106y","article-title":"The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery","volume":"67","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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