{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1791000138161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dried urine spot (DUS) is a micro-sample collection technique, known for its advantages in handling, storage and shipping. It also uses only a small volume of urine, an essential consideration in working with small animals, or in acute medical situations. Alkyl-phosphonic acids are the direct and indicative metabolites of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents (OP-CWAs) and are present in blood and urine shortly after exposure. They are therefore crucially important for monitoring casualties in war and terror scenarios. We report here a new approach for the determination of the metabolites of five CWAs in urine using DUS. The method is based on a simple and rapid sample preparation, using only 50 \u00b5L of urine, spotted and dried on DBS paper, extracted using 300 \u00b5L methanol\/water and analyzed via targeted LC-MS\/MS. The detection limits for the five CWAs, sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclosarin (GF), VX and RVX in human urine were from 0.5 to 5 ng\/mL. Recoveries of (40\u201380%) were obtained in the range of 10\u2013300 ng\/mL, with a linear response (R2 &gt; 0.964, R &gt; 0.982). The method is highly stable, even with DUS samples stored up to 5 months at room temperature before analysis. It was implemented in a sarin in vivo exposure experiment on mice, applied for the time course determination of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA, sarin hydrolysis product) in mice urine. IMPA was detectable even with samples drawn 60 h after the mice\u2019s (IN) exposure to 1 LD50 sarin. This method was also evaluated in a non-targeted screening for multiple potential CWA analogs (LC-Orbitrap HRMS analysis followed by automatic peak detection and library searches). The method developed here is applicable for rapid CWA casualty monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"7687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monitoring Exposure to Five Chemical Warfare Agents Using the Dried Urine Spot Technique and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry\/Mass Spectrometry\u2014In Vivo Determination of Sarin Metabolite in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4442-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilach","family":"Yishai Aviram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8424-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Dagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Hindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rellie","family":"Gez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyal","family":"Drug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2008.03.003","article-title":"Chemical warfare agents","volume":"26","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. 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