{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1791288588611,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Syzygium cumini L. is an evergreen tree belonging to family Myrtaceae, employed for different traditional uses like diabetes, inflammation, and fever. The current study aimed to compare the chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from different organs of Syzygium cumini (leaves (Scl), fruits (Scf), seeds (Scs), and bark (Scb)) using a GC\/MS analysis. Also, a chemometric analysis was applied to explore the main similarities and differences among different organs using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA). Furthermore, in vitro antiaging activities were investigated via anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase assays. The GC-MS analysis revealed 82 compounds representing 92.13%, 99.42%, 100%, and 92.97% in Scl, Scf, Scs, and Scb, respectively. The predominant components were \u03b1-pinene, \u03b2-pinene, (E)-\u03b2-caryophyllene, \u03b1-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and \u03b1-humulene epoxide II with variable percentages. All EOs were positioned on positive PC1, except for Scs, which was positioned on the negative side in a separate quadrant. The HCA dendrogram displayed the closeness of Scl and Scb, which was not clearly recognized in the PCA score plot. Moreover, the Scs oils were totally discriminated from other parts. The Scl and Scs oils showed superior anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. Thus, S. cumini oils should be considered for cosmetic preparations to retard skin aging manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:37:54Z","timestamp":1701337074000},"page":"7861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Comparative Study of Essential Oils from Different Organs of Syzygium cumini (Pamposia) Based on GC\/MS Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Antiaging Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naglaa S.","family":"Ashmawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidy A.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4252-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A. S.","family":"El-Nashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.795649","article-title":"Effect of natural exogenous antioxidants on aging and on neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2004.00241.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: Roles of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000360092","article-title":"Reactive molecule species and antioxidative mechanisms in normal skin and skin aging","volume":"27","author":"Seelinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivamani, R.K., Jagdeo, J.R., Elsner, P., and Maibach, H.I. (2015). Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18895"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgac058","article-title":"Genus Lupinus (Fabaceae): A review of ethnobotanical, phytochemical and biological studies","volume":"74","author":"Ishaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashmawy, N.S., El-Labbad, E.M., Hamoda, A.M., El-Keblawy, A.A., El-Shorbagi, A.-N.A., Mosa, K.A., and Soliman, S.S. (2022). The Anti-Candida Activity of Tephrosia apollinea Is More Superiorly Attributed to a Novel Steroidal Compound with Selective Targeting. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11162120"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1765343","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) cabrera leaf and bark grown in Egypt","volume":"35","author":"Mostafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Nashar, H.A., El-Labbad, E.M., Al-Azzawi, M.A., and Ashmawy, N.S. (2022). A new xanthone glycoside from Mangifera indica L.: Physicochemical properties and in vitro anti-skin aging activities. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092609"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1233860","article-title":"New phytochemicals as potential human anti-aging compounds: Reality, promise, and challenges","volume":"58","author":"Peralta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2022.2087926","article-title":"Protective effect of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius extract against hepatic fibrosis induced by Gamma irradiation and carbon tetrachloride in albino rats","volume":"99","author":"Eldahshan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Nashar, H.A.S., Eldehna, W.M., Al-Rashood, S.T., Alharbi, A., Eskandrani, R.O., and Aly, S.H. (2021). GC\/MS Analysis of Essential Oil and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Syzygium cumini (Pamposia) Grown in Egypt: Chemical Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226984"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-020-00477-z","article-title":"Essential oils and their pharmacotherapeutics applications in human diseases","volume":"22","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21395","article-title":"Phytochemical Investigation, Antitumor Activity, and Hepatoprotective Effects of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Leaf Extract","volume":"78","author":"Eldahshan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"215","article-title":"The tribe Caesalpinieae (Fabaceae): An updated review on pharmacological aspects","volume":"4","author":"Eldahshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmy, N.M., Elhady, S.S., Bannan, D.F., Malatani, R.T., and Gad, H.A. (2022). Citrus reticulata Leaves Essential Oil as an Antiaging Agent: A Comparative Study between Different Cultivars and Correlation with Their Chemical Compositions. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233335"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.116349","article-title":"Insights on Citrus clementina essential oil as a potential antiaging candidate with a comparative chemometric study on different cultivars","volume":"194","author":"Gad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.03.011","article-title":"Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice essential oils","volume":"89","author":"Tomaino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, H.A., Mamadalieva, R.Z., Khalil, N., Zengin, G., Najar, B., Khojimatov, O.K., Al Musayeib, N.M., Ashour, M.L., and Mamadalieva, N.Z. (2022). GC-MS Chemical Profiling, Biological Investigation of Three Salvia Species Growing in Uzbekistan. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175365"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.04.065","article-title":"Anti-phytopathogenic activity of Syzygium cumini essential oil, hydrocarbon fractions and its novel constituents","volume":"74","author":"Saroj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2957","article-title":"Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant studies on Syzygium cumini fruit","volume":"87","author":"Benherlal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60050-1","article-title":"Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A review of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses","volume":"2","author":"Ayyanar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"123","article-title":"A Review of Traditional Uses and Phytochemical Constituents of Indigenous Syzygium Species in East Africa","volume":"22","author":"Dharani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. J. Kenya"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201200292","article-title":"Molluscicidal and Leishmanicidal Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels from Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.07.003","article-title":"Plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Dickel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khare, C.P. (2008). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70638-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.047","article-title":"Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India","volume":"102","author":"Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2006.02.085","article-title":"Estimation of trace elements in some anti-diabetic medicinal plants using PIXE technique","volume":"64","author":"Sarita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00278-1","article-title":"Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.058","article-title":"Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India","volume":"99","author":"Chhetri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410902941154","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Syzygium cumini against Ascochyta rabiei\u2014The cause of chickpea blight","volume":"24","author":"Jabeen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.12.003","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from Egyptian plants against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi","volume":"52","author":"Badawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00131-4","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Syzygium cumini and Syzygium travancoricum leaf essential oils","volume":"73","author":"Shafi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"144","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves Essential Oils from Syzygium cumini L., Cupressus sempervirens L. and Lantana camara L. from Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Elansary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A.A., Ali, S.I., and El-Baz, F.K. (2013). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts and essential oils of Syzygium cumini leaves. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060269"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanif, M.U., Hussain, A.I., Aslam, N., Kamal, G.M., Chatha, S.A.S., Shahida, S., Khalid, M., and Hussain, R. (2020). Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Essential Oil from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Native to Punjab, Pakistan. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900733"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.024","article-title":"Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels essential oil and its major constituent \u03b1-pinene exhibit anti-Leishmania activity through immunomodulation in vitro","volume":"160","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.07.033","article-title":"Chemical composition and in vitro leishmanicidal, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of the Myrtaceae family occurring in the Cerrado biome","volume":"123","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2013005000030","article-title":"The effect of essential oil of Syzygium cumini on the development of granulomatous inflammation in mice","volume":"23","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.768675","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava","volume":"51","author":"Siani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-017-0059-2","article-title":"Screening of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston","volume":"4","author":"Stalin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Phytosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2158","article-title":"Effect of the aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"21","author":"Moresco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"948","article-title":"Syzygium cumini (pomposia) active principles exhibit potent anticancer and antioxidant activities","volume":"5","author":"Afify","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803407q","article-title":"Eugenia jambolana Lam. berry extract inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer but not non-tumorigenic breast cells","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00700.x","article-title":"Syzygium cumini inhibits adenosine deaminase activity and reduces glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients","volume":"23","author":"Bopp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, N., Javaid, S., Ashraf, W., Siddique, F., Rasool, M.F., Alqahtani, F., Ahmad, T., Abrar, M.A., and Imran, I. (2023). Long-Term Supplementation of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Concentrate Alleviates Age-Related Cognitive Deficit and Oxidative Damage: A Comparative Study of Young vs. Old Mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030666"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113813","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of phenolics of the extracts from the various parts of blackberry plant (Syzygium cumini L.) and their antioxidant activities","volume":"167","author":"Halim","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: A review of recent developments","volume":"4","author":"Barra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"439","article-title":"Composition of leaf oil of Syzygium cumini L. from north India","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Perfum."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"515","article-title":"Chemical Compositions, \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils from Unripe Fruit Pulp and Leaves of Syzygium cumini","volume":"7","author":"Nishandhini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2020.1796822","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Leaf Essential Oil with Respect to its Uses from North East Region of India","volume":"23","author":"Sarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1026(200101\/02)16:1<47::AID-FFJ944>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Volatile flavour components of jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini L)","volume":"16","author":"Vijayanand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-1038-4","article-title":"Volatile Constituents of Jambolan (Syzygium cumini L.) Fruits at Three Maturation Stages and Optimization of HS-SPME GC-MS Method Using a Central Composite Design","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirci, B., K\u0131rc\u0131, D., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, G., and Demirci, F. (2022). Effect of Extraction Time on Origanum onites L. Infusions and Essential Oils\u2014Biological Evaluation, Statistical Principal Component and Hierarchial Cluster Analyses. Chem. Biodivers., 19.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200482"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/23818107.2023.2192264","article-title":"Newly-sprouted leaves at the stem base differ anatomically and histochemically from the crown leaves in Ficus johannis","volume":"170","author":"Ashmawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bot. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Solano, F. (2020). Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2003.11.003","article-title":"The role of collagen and elastin in aged skin: An image processing approach","volume":"35","author":"Tzaphlidou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21016","article-title":"Elastin signaling in wound repair","volume":"96","author":"Almine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12832","article-title":"The dynamic anatomy and patterning of skin","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.12.006","article-title":"Three-dimensional arrangement of elastic fibers in the human corneal stroma","volume":"146","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.21923","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging","volume":"4","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Derm. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.03.006","article-title":"The impact of intrinsic ageing on the protein composition of the dermal-epidermal junction","volume":"156","author":"Langton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00455.x","article-title":"A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part 2: Clinical perspectives and clinical methods in the evaluation of ageing skin","volume":"30","author":"Callaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2017.12.030","article-title":"In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidase activities of safranal and determination of its sun protection factor in skin photoaging","volume":"77","author":"Madan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jugreet, B.S., Lall, N., Anina Lambrechts, I., Reid, A.-M., Maphutha, J., Nel, M., Hassan, A.H., Khalid, A., Abdalla, A.N., and Van, B.L. (2022). In Vitro and In Silico Pharmacological and Cosmeceutical Potential of Ten Essential Oils from Aromatic Medicinal Plants from the Mascarene Islands. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248705"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.007","article-title":"Identification of bioactive compounds from jambol\u00e3o (Syzygium cumini) and antioxidant capacity evaluation in different pH conditions","volume":"126","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Hasan, M., Lorenzo, J.M., Dhumal, S., Nishad, J., Rais, N., Verma, A., Changan, S., Barbhai, M.D., and Chandran, D. (2022). Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) seed bioactives and its biological activities: A review. Food Biosci., 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.102109"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2020.1813212","article-title":"A caryophyllene oxide and other potential anticholinesterase and anticancer agent in Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"32","author":"Karakaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leporini, M., Bonesi, M., Loizzo, M.R., Passalacqua, N.G., and Tundis, R. (2020). The essential oil of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. from Italy as a source of health-promoting compounds: Chemical profile and antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060798"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9004014","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9004014","article-title":"Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision model","volume":"2022","author":"Gushiken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135534","article-title":"\u03b2-Caryophyllene exerts protective antioxidant effects through the activation of NQO1 in the MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"742","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, H.A., Ayoub, I.M., and Wink, M. (2019). Phytochemical profiling and seasonal variation of essential oils of three Callistemon species cultivated in Egypt. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219571"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Bishbishy, M.H., Gad, H.A., and Aborehab, N.M. (2020). Chemometric discrimination of three Pistacia species via their metabolic profiling and their possible in vitro effects on memory functions. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 177.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112840"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad, H.A., Mukhammadiev, E.A., Zengen, G., Musayeib, N.M.A., Hussain, H., Bin Ware, I., Ashour, M.L., and Mamadalieva, N.Z. (2022). Chemometric Analysis Based on GC-MS Chemical Profiles of Three Stachys Species from Uzbekistan and Their Biological Activity. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091215"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90089-0","article-title":"A continuous spectrophotometric assay for Clostridium histolyticum collagenase","volume":"113","author":"Steinbrink","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00367a011","article-title":"Mechanism of inactivation of human leukocyte elastase by a chloromethyl ketone: Kinetic and solvent isotope effect studies","volume":"25","author":"Stein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"265","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of herbal medicines on hyaluronidase activity","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J. Pharmacogn."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/23\/7861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:34:30Z","timestamp":1760132070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/28\/23\/7861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules28237861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28237861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}