{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:54:48Z","timestamp":1766408088699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Funds of Regional Cooperation Interreg Caribbean V"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for potent antimicrobial compounds is critical in the face of growing antibiotic resistance. This study explores Acalypha arvensis Poepp. (A. arvensis), a Caribbean plant traditionally used for disease treatment. The dried plant powder was subjected to successive extractions using different solvents: hexane (F1), dichloromethane (F2), methanol (F3), a 50:50 mixture of methanol and water (F4), and water (F5). Additionally, a parallel extraction was conducted using a 50:50 mixture of methanol and chloroform (F6). All the fractions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity, and the F6 fraction was characterized using untargeted metabolomics using SPME-GC\u00d7GC-TOFMS. The extracts of A.\u00a0arvensis F3, F4, and F5 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (5 mg\/mL), MRSA BA22038 (5 mg\/mL), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (10 mg\/mL), and fraction F6 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (2 mg\/mL), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (20 mg\/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (10 mg\/mL), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (10 mg\/mL), Staphylococcus aureus 024 (2 mg\/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus 003 (2 mg\/mL). Metabolomic analysis of F6 revealed 2861 peaks with 58 identified compounds through SPME and 3654 peaks with 29 identified compounds through derivatization. The compounds included methyl ester fatty acids, ethyl ester fatty acids, terpenes, ketones, sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. This study represents the first exploration of A. arvensis metabolomics and its antimicrobial potential, providing valuable insights for plant classification, phytochemical research, and drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1701403976000},"page":"7882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antibacterial Activity and Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Acalypha arvensis Poepp"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Valendy","family":"Thesnor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR Chrome, University Nimes, CEDEX 1, 30021 N\u00eemes, France"},{"name":"COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, UFR SEN, Fouillole Campus, University of Antilles, CEDEX, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"},{"name":"URE, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Ha\u00efti, Port-au-Prince HT6110, Haiti"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Molini\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR INRAE 1158 Transfrontali\u00e8re BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, UFR de Pharmacie, 80037 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryland T.","family":"Giebelhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"},{"name":"The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Paulina","family":"de la Mata Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"},{"name":"The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9627-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Harynuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"},{"name":"The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"B\u00e9nim\u00e9lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR Chrome, University Nimes, CEDEX 1, 30021 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9r\u00e9nice","family":"Vanhoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR INRAE 1158 Transfrontali\u00e8re BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UPJV, UFR de Pharmacie, 80037 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Dunyach-R\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU N\u00eemes\u2014H\u00f4pital Universitaire Car\u00e9meau, CEDEX, 30900 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Sylvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, UFR SEN, Fouillole Campus, University of Antilles, CEDEX, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvens","family":"Cheremond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"URE, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Ha\u00efti, Port-au-Prince HT6110, Haiti"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Meffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR Chrome, University Nimes, CEDEX 1, 30021 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5776-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cebri\u00e1n-Torrej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVACHIM-M2E Laboratory EA 3592, Department of Chemistry, UFR SEN, Fouillole Campus, University of Antilles, CEDEX, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohra","family":"Benfodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPR Chrome, University Nimes, CEDEX 1, 30021 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.11.057","article-title":"Antibiotics in Crisis","volume":"23","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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