{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T12:26:30Z","timestamp":1770467190943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022-03972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022-03972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Radioprotective agents have garnered considerable interest due to their prospective applications in radiotherapy, public health medicine, and situations of large-scale accidental radiation exposure or impending radiological emergencies. Cystamine, an organic diamino\u2013disulfide compound, is recognized for its radiation-protective and antioxidant properties. This study aims to utilize the aqueous ferrous sulfate (Fricke) dosimeter to measure the free-radical scavenging capabilities of cystamine during irradiation by fast carbon ions. This analysis spans an energy range from 6 to 500 MeV per nucleon, which correlates with \u201clinear energy transfer\u201d (LET) values ranging from approximately 248 keV\/\u03bcm down to 9.3 keV\/\u03bcm. (2) Methods: Monte Carlo track chemistry calculations were used to simulate the radiation-induced chemistry of aerated Fricke\u2013cystamine solutions across a broad spectrum of cystamine concentrations, ranging from 10\u22126 to 1 M. (3) Results: In irradiated Fricke solutions containing cystamine, cystamine is observed to hinder the oxidation of Fe2+ ions, an effect triggered by oxidizing agents from the radiolysis of acidic water, resulting in reduced Fe3+ ion production. Our simulations, conducted both with and without accounting for the multiple ionization of water, confirm cystamine\u2019s ability to capture free radicals, highlighting its strong antioxidant properties. Aligning with prior research, our simulations also indicate that the protective and antioxidant efficiency of cystamine diminishes with increasing LET of the radiation. This result can be attributed to the changes in the geometry of the track structures when transitioning from lower to higher LETs. (4) Conclusions: If we can apply these fundamental research findings to biological systems at a physiological pH, the use of cystamine alongside carbon-ion hadrontherapy could present a promising approach to further improve the therapeutic ratio in cancer treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28248144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1702898887000},"page":"8144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Linear Energy Transfer on Cystamine\u2019s Radioprotective Activity: A Study Using the Fricke Dosimeter with 6\u2013500 MeV per Nucleon Carbon Ions\u2014Implication for Carbon Ion Hadrontherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samafou","family":"Penabe\u00ef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire et de Radiobiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12\u00e8me Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire et de Radiobiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12\u00e8me Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Muhammad","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire et de Radiobiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12\u00e8me Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jintana","family":"Meesungnoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire et de Radiobiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12\u00e8me Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Jay-Gerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire et de Radiobiologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12\u00e8me Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Halperin, E.C., Wazer, D.E., Perez, C.A., and Brady, L.W. 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