{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:25:46Z","timestamp":1788391546767,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning","award":["2021-MS-214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-MS-214"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning","award":["LJKZ0917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0917"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning","award":["2022-MS-221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-221"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["2021-MS-214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-MS-214"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["LJKZ0917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0917"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province","award":["2022-MS-221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-221"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-MS-214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-MS-214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LJKZ0917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-MS-221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels. Current research suggests that oxidative stress is one of the key factors in the development of many chronic diseases, and it has been a concern for many years. Many natural compounds have been studied for their special free-radical-scavenging properties. The major chemical constituents of the leaves of Diospyros kaki are flavonoids and triterpenoids, both of which are potential antioxidants that can prevent damage caused by reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species and ameliorate diseases associated with oxidative stress. In addition to the major constituents such as flavonoids and triterpenoids, the leaves of Diospyros kaki include compounds such as phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. Studies have shown these compounds have certain antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Experiments have shown that flavonoids or the extracts from the leaves of Diospyros kaki have a variety of good pharmacological activities, which could activate oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells and induce apoptosis. It also could achieve the effect of anti-cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by regulating oxidative stress. The main chemical substance of the leaves of Diospyros kaki regulating oxidative stress may be these multi-hydroxyl structure compounds. These natural products exhibit significant antioxidant activity and are an important basis for the leaves of Diospyros kaki to treat human diseases by regulating oxidative stress. This review summarizes the structural types of natural products in the leaves of Diospyros kaki and elaborates the mechanism of the leaves of Diospyros kaki in neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, renal protection, retinal degenerative diseases, and anti-cancer from a new perspective of oxidative stress, including how it supplements other pharmacological effects. The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the leaves of Diospyros kaki are summarized in this paper. The relationship between the chemical components in the leaves of Diospyros kaki and their pharmacological effects is summarized from the perspective of oxidative stress. This review provides a reference for the study of natural anti-oxidative stress drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29010215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Review: Pharmacological Effect of Natural Compounds in Diospyros kaki Leaves from the Perspective of Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Lonch Group Wanrong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yuncheng 100176, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houlin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80077-3","article-title":"What is oxidative stress?","volume":"49","author":"Betteridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1549","article-title":"What Is Oxidative Stress?","volume":"124","author":"WA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020685903186","article-title":"Free radicals as mediators of neuronal injury","volume":"18","author":"Facchinetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1302","article-title":"Stroke-damaged neurons may commit cellular suicide","volume":"281","author":"Barinaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Q.Z., and Yang, C.X. (2020). Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiau, J.-P., Chuang, Y.-T., Tang, J.-Y., Yang, K.-H., Chang, F.-R., Hou, M.-F., Yen, C.-Y., and Chang, H.-W. (2022). The Impact of Oxidative Stress and AKT Pathway on Cancer Cell Functions and Its Application to Natural Products. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091845"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Li, R., and Fan, X. (2022). Targeting Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Prospects of the Natural Products Approach. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091811"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6576093","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6576093","article-title":"Natural Products Targeting on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Safety Assessment","volume":"2018","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab044","article-title":"Environmental toxicants, oxidative stress and health adversities: Interventions of phytochemicals","volume":"74","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957296","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.957296","article-title":"Editorial: The Role of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products in Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Related Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Agbor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Editorial Committee of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (1998). Zhonghua Ben Cao, Shanghai Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"469","article-title":"Effect of different solvent extracts of persimmon leaf on antioxidant capacity in diabetic mice","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"5","article-title":"Chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects in persimmon leaves","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"437","article-title":"Differences in the ascorbic acid, astragalin, and polyphenol contents, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of 22 commercial persimmon leaf tea products","volume":"62","author":"Tsurunaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Home Econ. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80421","article-title":"Skin-Lightening Effect of a Polyphenol Extract from Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Fruit on UV-Induced Pigmentation","volume":"72","author":"Hanamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chemical composition, pharmacological effects and clinical application research progress of Naoxinqing tablets","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent. South Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.3035","article-title":"Integrated application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar improves salt tolerance in eggplant seedlings","volume":"46","author":"Kul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.3010","article-title":"Chromium toxicity in plants: Consequences on growth, chromosomal behavior andmineral nutrient status","volume":"46","author":"Saleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"7","article-title":"Chemical composition, pharmacological effects, clinical application and development and utilization of persimmon leaf","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Ferment. Ind."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4238(90)90150-D","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the mineral nutrient content of persimmon leaves","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31730","article-title":"Inhibition of enzyme activities and the antiwrinkle effect of polyphenol isolated from the persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki folium) on human skin","volume":"31","author":"An","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Larvicidal, insecticidal, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of Diospyros kaki (L.) reported from Pakistan","volume":"28","author":"Nisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.58.213","article-title":"Pharmacological Activity of Compounds Extracted from Persimmon Peel (Diospyros kaki THUNB.)","volume":"58","author":"Fukai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.112","article-title":"Antioxidant potential in non-extractable fractions of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)","volume":"202","author":"Matsumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.01.007","article-title":"Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties","volume":"163","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2017.2298","article-title":"Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Prediabetic Subjects","volume":"40","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"627","article-title":"Experimental study of persimmon leaf discrimination","volume":"9","author":"Zhen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(97)01020-0","article-title":"Pharmacology and chemotaxonomy of Diospyros","volume":"49","author":"Mallavadhani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"40","article-title":"General situation of pharmaceutical research on persimmon","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ethnomedicine Ethnopharmacy"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"402","article-title":"Status of persimmon resource development and utilization","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biot. Resour."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6011","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200940h","article-title":"Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki","volume":"59","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2008.00209.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of water extract and its main contents of persimmon leaves on stimulus-induced superoxide generation in human neutrophils","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y.H., Du, H.Z., Wang, L., Li, S.F., Zhang, L., and Zhang, L.W. (2020). Nitrite Scavenging and Inhibition of N-Nitrosamines Formation by Phenolic Extracts From Diospyros lotus L. Leaves and Active Ingredients. Nat. Prod. Commun., 15.","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X20961186"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sun, H.P. (2010). Optimization of persimmon resources in Hunan Province and research on the isolation and identification of flavonoids from persimmon leaves, Hunan Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1295","article-title":"Identification of 2\u2033-Galloylated Flavonol 3-O-Glycosides Accumulating in Developing Leaves of Persimmon","volume":"22","author":"Kawakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00298-X","article-title":"Effect of five flavonoid compounds isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki on stimulus-induced superoxide generation and tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins in human neutrophils","volume":"326","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, J., Park, J.E., Lee, J.S., Lee, J.H., Hwang, H., Jung, S.H., Kwon, H.C., and Jang, D.S. (2021). Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon). Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102032"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020600727731","article-title":"Chemical constituents of the leaves of Diospyros kaki and their cytotoxic effects","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020902911512","article-title":"A novel C-glycosylflavone from the leaves of Diospyros kaki","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-018-1274-y","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitative analysis of 11 flavonoid derivatives with a single marker in persimmon leaf extraction and evaluation of their myocardium protection activity","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-014-0421-6","article-title":"Studies of the microbial metabolism of flavonoids extracted from the leaves of Diospyros kaki by intestinal bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-015-0031-1","article-title":"Beneficial effect of persimmon leaves and bioactive compounds on thrombosis","volume":"24","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200800070","article-title":"Naturally Occurring Triterpenoid Saponins","volume":"7","author":"Dinda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1039\/b515312n","article-title":"Pharmacological activities of natural triterpenoids and their therapeutic implications","volume":"23","author":"Dzubak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.01.044","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of three major bioactive triterpene acids in the leaves of Diospyros kaki by high-performance liquid chromatography method","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"347","article-title":"Studies on the Constituents of Diospyros kaki Leaves (I)","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.39.1.20.5941","article-title":"Diospyros melanoxylon Leaves: A Rich Source of Pentacyclic Triterpenes","volume":"39","author":"Mallavadhani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"26","article-title":"Studies on the Constituents of Diospyros kaki Leaves (II)","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.06.023","article-title":"Triterpene saponins with neuroprotective effects from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Thunb","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.532","article-title":"Three Minor Novel Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Diospyros kaki","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-012-0104-9","article-title":"A new 18,19-secoursane triterpene from the leaves of Diospyros kaki","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1021\/np800298w","article-title":"Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon) and Their Inhibitory Effects on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B","volume":"71","author":"Thuong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"38","article-title":"Chemical composition of persimmon leaf","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"1987","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Medica"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.46.1189","article-title":"Bioactive naphthoquinone derivatives from Diospyros maritima BLUME","volume":"46","author":"Higa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.03.025","article-title":"Secoiridoids and lignans from the leaves of Diospyros kaki Thunb. with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2513","article-title":"Study on the Chemical Constituents of Persimmon Leaves","volume":"39","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2011.04.021","article-title":"Vomifoliol 9-O-\u03b1-arabinofuranosyl (1\u21926)-\u03b2-d-glucopyranoside from the leaves of Diospyros kaki stimulates the glucose uptake in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"346","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.155","article-title":"Polysaccharide isolated from persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) suppresses TGF-\u03b21-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells","volume":"164","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, Y.H., Ha, H., Kim, R., Cho, C.W., Song, Y.R., Hong, H.D., and Kim, T. (2018). Anti-Osteoporotic Effects of Polysaccharides Isolated from Persimmon Leaves via Osteoclastogenesis Inhibition. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070901"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.07.025","article-title":"Characterization of immunostimulatory pectic polysaccharide isolated from leaves of Diospyros kaki Thumb. (Persimmon)","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2012.718770","article-title":"A new dimeric naphthoquinone from Diospyros anisandra","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)89616-7","article-title":"Chemical examination of diospyros species-part V: A novel aromatisation of ring B and other reactions of Bauerenol","volume":"8","author":"Row","year":"1967","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3195","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Diospyros kaki leaves","volume":"45","author":"ZHOU","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2011.570841","article-title":"Separation of three triterpene acids in leaves of Diospyros kaki by high performance liquid chromatography using hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin as mobile phase modifier","volume":"34","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020410001690154","article-title":"Kakispyrol, a new biphenyl derivative from the leaves of Diospyros kaki","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1957","article-title":"Redox regulation of cell survival","volume":"10","author":"Trachootham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.04.005","article-title":"Targeting Free Radicals in Oxidative Stress-Related Human Diseases","volume":"38","author":"Poprac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria: A nexus of cellular homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"45","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in homeostasis regulation","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Rep. Commun. Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Rains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27770","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161126059","article-title":"Redox Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2020.1752002","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex II and reactive oxygen species in disease and therapy","volume":"25","author":"Kraus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.042","article-title":"Evaluation to the antioxidant activity of total flavonoids extract from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2016.1254831","article-title":"Restorative role of persimmon leaf (Diospyros kaki) to gamma irradiation-induced oxidative stress and tissue injury in rats","volume":"93","author":"Ashry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"413","article-title":"Effect of persimmon leaf extract on blood glucose and liver glycogen content in hyperglycemic rats","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of persimmon leaves on oxygen free radicals and lipid metabolizing enzymes in hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Guid. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, U.J., Park, Y.B., Kim, S.R., and Choi, M.S. (2012). Supplementation of Persimmon Leaf Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia and Hepatic Fat Accumulation in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049030"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3766","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of aqueous persimmon leaf extract in a murine model of diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465897","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465897","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress in kidney","volume":"2012","author":"Ozbek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b16-00078","article-title":"Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice Is Prevented by Pretreatment with Zinc Sulfate","volume":"39","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1849269","article-title":"Nephroprotective effect of persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki L.f.) against CCl(4)-induced renal toxicity in Swiss Albino rats","volume":"45","author":"Shahat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2016.21.4.378","article-title":"The leaf of Diospyros kaki Thumb ameliorates renal oxidative damage in mice with type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00027-6","article-title":"Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.05.018","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and redox control in the aging eye: Role of MsrA and other repair systems in cataract and macular degenerations","volume":"88","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06195.x","article-title":"NADPH oxidase plays a central role in cone cell death in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"110","author":"Usui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.04.003","article-title":"Role of maternal dietary antioxidant supplementation in murine placental and fetal limb development","volume":"27","author":"Prater","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, H.R., Yang, J.W., Kim, J.Y., Lee, C.Y., Kim, T.J., and Jung, S.H. (2019). The Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effect of Persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki) in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215268"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46449","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46449","article-title":"Persimmon Leaves (Diospyros kaki) Extract Protects Optic Nerve Crush-Induced Retinal Degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.07.034","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of a standardized flavonoid extract from Diospyros kaki leaves","volume":"126","author":"Bei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.09.031","article-title":"Flavonoids from the leaves of Diospyros kaki reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of NG108-15 cells","volume":"76","author":"Bei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.001","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from the leaves of &ITDiospyros kaki &ITattenuates cognitive deficits, amyloid-beta production, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"1678","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8938207","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8938207","article-title":"Flavonoid-Rich Ethanol Extract from the Leaves of Diospyros kaki Attenuates D-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation-Mediated Brain Aging in Mice","volume":"2018","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"694","article-title":"The effect of ethyl acetate extract from persimmon leaves on Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its underlying mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"167","article-title":"Tumor suppressive effects of different polar parts of persimmon leaf in mice with H22 ascites tumor and H22, S180 solid tumor","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2022.K.0021","article-title":"Persimmon Water Extract Suppresses Hepatic Lipotoxicity by Regulating Lipid Metabolites","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14523","article-title":"Total Flavonoids Isolated from Diospyros kaki L. f. Leaves Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Cancer Cells","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28440-8","article-title":"Antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of total flavonoids extract from persimmon leaves in H-22 liver tumor-bearing mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"120","article-title":"Effect of cyclophosphamide combined with ethyl acetate site of persimmon leaf on antioxidant capacity and protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in tumor tissues of H22 mice","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75140-3","article-title":"Anti-cancer potential of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves via the PDGFR-Rac-JNK pathway","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111475","article-title":"Diospyros kaki leaves inhibit HGF\/Met signaling-mediated EMT and stemness features in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.07.026","article-title":"Flavonoids from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells by activation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"275","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.07.012","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid fisetin: A novel dual inhibitor of PI3K\/Akt and mTOR for prostate cancer management","volume":"84","author":"Adhami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24106","article-title":"A new flavonoid derivative exerts antitumor effects against androgen-sensitive to cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells","volume":"81","author":"Naito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112685","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of flavonoid derivatives with anti-prostate cancer and hepatoprotective activities from the flowers of Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers","volume":"253","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgn078","article-title":"Fisetin, a novel dietary flavonoid, causes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990129","article-title":"Inhibition of Akt\/mTOR signaling by the dietary flavonoid fisetin","volume":"13","author":"Syed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1116","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity activity of diosquinone, a naphthoquinone epoxide","volume":"17","author":"Adeniyi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotariu, D., Babes, E.E., Tit, D.M., Moisi, M., Bustea, C., Stoicescu, M., Radu, A.-F., Vesa, C.M., Behl, T., and Bungau, A.F. (2022). Oxidative stress\u2014Complex pathological issues concerning the hallmark of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Biomed. Pharmacother., 152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113238"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1509.09050","article-title":"A Mixture of Ethanol Extracts of Persimmon Leaf and Citrus junos Sieb Improves Blood Coagulation Parameters and Ameliorates Lipid Metabolism Disturbances Caused by Diet-Induced Obesity in C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.043","article-title":"Effects of phospholipid complexes of total flavonoids from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) leaves on experimental atherosclerosis rats","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100926","article-title":"Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of water-soluble proanthocyanidins from persimmon leaf tea in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"75","author":"Kawakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anti ischemic effect of ethanolic extract of persimmon leaf in rats","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Inf. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effect of persimmon leaf flavone on hypoxia reoxygenation as well as advanced glycation end products induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"23","author":"Ou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. South. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1376","article-title":"Persimmon leaf flavonoid induces brain ischemic tolerance in mice","volume":"8","author":"Miao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.4236\/jct.2013.47133","article-title":"Persimmon Leaf Flavonols Enhance the Anti-Cancer Effect of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy on Murine Xenograft Tumors","volume":"04","author":"Kawakami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100738","article-title":"Persimmon Leaf Extract Inhibits the ATM Activity during DNA Damage Response Induced by Doxorubicin in A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells","volume":"75","author":"Kawakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effects and action mechanism of Diospyros kaki on the differentiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3839\/jksabc.2011.088","article-title":"Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Utraviolet B-induced Inflammation in HaCaT Keratinocytes and Mice","volume":"54","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2012.17.1.014","article-title":"Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Phthalic Anhydride-induced Allergic Response in Mice","volume":"17","author":"Mok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86608-1","article-title":"Persimmon-derived tannin ameliorates the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis in a murine model through inhibition of the inflammatory response and alteration of microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Kitabatake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.S., Lee, D.S., Kim, D.C., Yoon, C.S., Ko, W., Oh, H., and Kim, Y.C. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Coussaric and Betulinic Acids Isolated from Diospyros kaki in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091206"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107194","article-title":"Persimmon leaf extract and astragalin inhibit development of dermatitis and IgE elevation in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"106","author":"Kotani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3839\/jksabc.2011.100","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Development of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions","volume":"54","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6985","article-title":"Persimmon leaf extract protects mice from atopic dermatitis by inhibiting T cell activation via regulation of the JNK pathway","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"35","article-title":"Anti inflammatory and anti apoptotic effects of S1-12 Naoxinqing Tablet on BV-2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropharmacol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/1\/215\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:49Z","timestamp":1760132689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/1\/215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29010215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29010215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]}}}