{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:27:12Z","timestamp":1792070832243,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)\u2019s National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DELX201809242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DELX201809242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)\u2019s National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-38821-34702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-38821-34702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Defatted cottonseed meal (CSM), the residue of cottonseeds after oil extraction, is a major byproduct of the cotton industry. Converting CSM to biochar and utilizing the goods in agricultural and environmental applications may be a value-added, sustainable approach to recycling this byproduct. In this study, raw CSM was transformed into biochar via complete batch slow pyrolysis at 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 \u00b0C. Thermochemical transformation of phosphorus (P) in CSM during pyrolysis was explored. Fractionation, lability, and potential bioavailability of total P (TP) in CSM-derived biochars were evaluated using sequential and batch chemical extraction techniques. The recovery of feed P in biochar was nearly 100% at \u2264550 \u00b0C and was reduced to &lt;88% at 600 \u00b0C. During pyrolysis, the organic P (OP) molecules predominant in CSM were transformed into inorganic P (IP) forms, first to polyphosphates and subsequently to orthophosphates as promoted by a higher pyrolysis temperature. Conversion to biochar greatly reduced the mobility, lability, and bioavailability of TP in CSM. The biochar TP consisted of 9.3\u201317.9% of readily labile (water-extractable) P, 10.3\u201324.1% of generally labile (sequentially NaHCO3-extractable) P, 0.5\u20132.8% of moderately labile (sequentially NaOH-extractable) P, 17.0\u201353.8% of low labile (sequentially HCl-extractable) P, and 17.8\u201347.5% of residual (unextractable) P. Mehlich-3 and 1 M HCl were effective batch extraction reagents for estimating the \u201creadily to mid-term\u201d available and the \u201coverall\u201d available P pools of CSM-derived biochars, respectively. The biochar generated at 450 \u00b0C exhibited the lowest proportions of readily labile P and residual P compounds, suggesting 450 \u00b0C as the optimal pyrolysis temperature to convert CSM to biochar with maximal P bioavailability and minimal runoff risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fractionation and Lability of Phosphorus Species in Cottonseed Meal-Derived Biochars as Influenced by Pyrolysis Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongqi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Screening of cotton genotypes for protein content, oil and fatty acid composition","volume":"8","author":"Bolek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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