{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:31:01Z","timestamp":1764250261639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11764003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11764003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminum (Al) placed in hot water (HW) at 90 \u00b0C is roughened due to its reaction with water, forming Al hydroxide and Al oxide, as well as releasing hydrogen gas. The roughened surface is thus hydrophilic and possesses a hugely increased surface area, which can be useful in applications requiring hydrophilicity and increased surface area, such as atmospheric moisture harvesting. On the other hand, when using HW to roughen specified areas of an Al substrate, ways to protect the other areas from HW attacks are necessary. We demonstrated that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a fluorinated phosphonic acid (FPA, CF3(CF2)13(CH2)2P(=O)(OH)2) derivatized on the native oxide of an Al film protected the underneath metal substrate from HW attack. The intact wettability and surface morphology of FPA-derivatized Al subjected to HW treatment were examined using contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the surface and interface chemistry of FPA-derivatized Al before and after HW treatment were investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), verifying that the FPA SAMs were intact upon HW treatment. The ToF-SIMS results therefore explained, on the molecular level, why HW treatment did not affect the underneath Al at all. FPA derivatization is thus expected to be developed as a patterning method for the formation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas on Al when combined with HW treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1707197803000},"page":"706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Self-Assembled Monolayers of a Fluorinated Phosphonic Acid as a Protective Coating on Aluminum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zhuoqi","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaixin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongmao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7945-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng-Yong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 0J3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9502357","article-title":"Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers","volume":"96","author":"Ulman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0300789","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology","volume":"105","author":"Love","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1021\/la990648t","article-title":"Thermal stability study of self-assembled monolayers on mica","volume":"16","author":"Neves","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(84)90452-1","article-title":"On the formation and structure of self-assembling monolayers","volume":"100","author":"Maoz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6507","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01220C","article-title":"Surface chemical reactions on self-assembled silane based monolayers","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7117","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00061","article-title":"Phosphonic acids for interfacial engineering of transparent conductive oxides","volume":"116","author":"Paniagua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89698","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17468F","article-title":"Challenges and developments of self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes as a green lubrication solution for tribological applications","volume":"5","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-011-1493-6","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for electrochemical sensing","volume":"15","author":"Mandler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17199-z","article-title":"Hydrothermal treatment and butylphosphonic acid derived self-assembled monolayers for improving the surface chemistry and corrosion resistance of AZ61 magnesium alloy","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902236","article-title":"Interface engineering for organic electronics","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1039\/b909902f","article-title":"Organic thin-film transistors","volume":"39","author":"Klauk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21101","DOI":"10.1021\/jp062811g","article-title":"Delivering octadecylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on a Si wafer and other oxide surfaces","volume":"110","author":"Nie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151959","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and formation of self-assembled monolayers of a phosphonic acid bearing a vinylene-bridged fluoroalkyl chain","volume":"577","author":"Shirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b10628","article-title":"Thermal stability of phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on alumina substrates","volume":"124","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11726","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0354200","article-title":"Effects of fluorination on self-assembled monolayer formation from alkanephosphonic acids on aluminum:\u2009 kinetics and structure","volume":"107","author":"Pellerite","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1021\/cm8014622","article-title":"Theoretical characterization of the indium tin oxide surface and of its binding sites for adsorption of phosphonic acid monolayers","volume":"20","author":"Paramonov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805742","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201805742","article-title":"Superoleophilic Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Effective Hydrocarbon Removal from Water","volume":"29","author":"Sarcletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100671q","article-title":"Revealing different bonding modes of self-assembled octadecylphosphonic acid monolayers on oxides by TOF-SIMS: Silicon vs aluminum","volume":"82","author":"Nie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b01068","article-title":"Characterization of self-assembled monolayers on a ruthenium surface","volume":"33","author":"Shaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11014","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp42104j","article-title":"Different formation kinetics and photoisomerization behavior of self-assembled monolayers of thiols and dithiolanes bearing azobenzene moieties","volume":"15","author":"Yeung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199410231","article-title":"Chemical analysis of inorganic and organic surfaces and thin films by static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS)","volume":"33","author":"Benninghoven","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061370u","article-title":"TOF-SIMS 3D biomolecular imaging of xenopus laevis oocytes using buckminsterfullerene (C60) primary ions","volume":"79","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2014.06.021","article-title":"SIMS\u2014A precursor and partner to contemporary mass spectrometry","volume":"377","author":"Vickerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6192","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00308a008","article-title":"Secondary ion mass spectrometry of monomolecular layers of fatty acids prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett techniques","volume":"107","author":"Wandass","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00070a016","article-title":"Analysis of polymer surfaces by SIMS. 16. Investigation of surface crosslinking in polymer gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate","volume":"26","author":"Chilkoti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/02670844.2019.1647374","article-title":"Aluminium films roughened by hot water treatment and derivatized by fluoroalkyl phosphonic acid: Wettability studies","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9952","DOI":"10.1021\/la801461j","article-title":"Wetting on nanoporous alumina surface: Transition between Wenzel and Cassie states controlled by surface structure","volume":"24","author":"Ran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1021\/la4049067","article-title":"Wetting transition from the Cassie\u2013Baxter state to the Wenzel state on textured polymer surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Murakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202439","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202202439","article-title":"The criterion of the Cassie\u2013Baxter and Wenzel wetting modes and the effect of elastic substrates on it","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50320a024","article-title":"Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water","volume":"28","author":"Wenzel","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9444000546","article-title":"Wettability of porous surfaces","volume":"40","author":"Cassie","year":"1944","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.0c00130","article-title":"Atmospheric water harvesting: A review of material and structural designs","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.1c00850","article-title":"Water harvesting from air: Current passive approaches and outlook","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/35102108","article-title":"Water capture by a desert beetle","volume":"414","author":"Parker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-7-23","article-title":"Fog-basking behaviour and water collection efficiency in Namib Desert Darkling beetles","volume":"7","author":"Dacke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/i2014-14109-y","article-title":"Dew condensation on desert beetle skin","volume":"37","author":"Mongruel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM00493A","article-title":"Microdroplet self-propulsion during dropwise condensation on lubricant-infused surfaces","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19192","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19192","article-title":"The effect of surface wettability on water vapor condensation in nanoscale","volume":"6","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA01906E","article-title":"An alternating nanoscale (hydrophilic\u2013hydrophobic)\/hydrophilic Janus cooperative copper mesh fabricated by a simple liquidus modification for efficient fog harvesting","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1021\/la0525877","article-title":"Condensation on ultrahydrophobic surfaces and its effect on droplet mobility: Ultrahydrophobic surfaces are not always water repellant","volume":"22","author":"Wier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1021\/jp061327a","article-title":"Alkylphosphonate modified aluminum oxide Surfaces","volume":"110","author":"Hoque","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, H.-Y., and Jahangiri-Famenini, H.-R. (2022). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses of self-assembled monolayers of octadecyltrimethoxysilane on SiO2 substrate. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12104932"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"153681","article-title":"Defining the nature of adventitious carbon and improving its merit as a charge correction reference for XPS","volume":"597","author":"Grey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2005.12.005","article-title":"TOF-SIMS: Accurate mass scale calibration","volume":"17","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, D.J., and Gamble, L.J. (2023). Back to the basics of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data analysis of bio-related samples. II. Data processing and display. Biointerphases, 18.","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0002633"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2008.01.035","article-title":"Adsorption of phosphonic and ethylphosphonic acid on aluminum oxide surfaces","volume":"602","author":"Luschtinetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6073","DOI":"10.1021\/am4008374","article-title":"Phosphonate- and carboxylate-based self-assembled monolayers for organic devices: A theoretical study of surface binding on aluminum oxide with experimental support","volume":"5","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9696500561","article-title":"Aluminum + water reaction","volume":"65","author":"Vedder","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.03.140","article-title":"Hydrogen production from aluminum-water reactions subject to varied pressures and temperatures","volume":"44","author":"Godart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12335","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA01231F","article-title":"Hydrogen production rates of aluminum reacting with varying densities of supercritical water","volume":"12","author":"Trowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1021\/la960936e","article-title":"Extending microcontact printing as a microlithographic technique","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072181+","article-title":"Micrometer and nanometer scale photopatterning of self-assembled monolayers of phosphonic acids on aluminum oxide","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1021\/la703818d","article-title":"Microcontact-printed self-assembled monolayers as ultrathin gate dielectrics in organic thin-film transistors and complementary circuits","volume":"24","author":"Zschieschang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/3\/706\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:54:20Z","timestamp":1760104460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/3\/706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29030706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29030706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]}}}