{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:57:49Z","timestamp":1788584269397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"2020-2022 Young Talents Support Project of Chinese Society of Chinese Medicine","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Innovation Team Development Program","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"Program of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["82003953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003953"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["82360777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360777"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["20202BAB216039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB216039"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["20232ACB216015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB216015"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["2020-QNRC2-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-QNRC2-07"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["CXTD-22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD-22004"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["2021BSZR015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BSZR015"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["2022BSZR003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BSZR003"]}]},{"name":"Training Plan for Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines In Jiangxi Province","award":["20204BCJL22048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20204BCJL22048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porous materials are widely used as an effective strategy for the solubilization of insoluble drugs. In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of low water-solubility drugs, it is necessary to prepare porous materials. Mannitol is one of the most popular excipients in food and drug formulations. In this study, porous mannitol was investigated as a drug carrier for low water solubility drugs. Its fabrication, drug loading, and drug release mechanisms were investigated. Porous mannitol was fabricated using the co-spray\u2013antisolvent process and utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as the template agent. Porous mannitol particles were prepared by changing the proportion of the template agent, spraying the particles with mannitol, and eluting with ethanol in order to regulate their pore structure. In subsequent studies, porous mannitol morphology and characteristics were determined systematically. Furthermore, curcumin and ibuprofen, two poorly water-soluble drugs, were loaded into porous mannitol, and their release profiles were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that porous mannitol can be prepared using PVP K30 as a template and that the amount of template agent can be adjusted in order to control the structure of the porous mannitol. When the template agent was added in amounts of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the mannitol pore size increased by 167.80%, 95.16%, and 163.98%, respectively, compared to raw mannitol. Molecular docking revealed that mannitol and drugs are adsorbents and adhere to each other by force interaction. The cumulative dissolution of curcumin and ibuprofen-loaded porous mannitol reached 69% and 70%, respectively. The release mechanism of curcumin and ibuprofen from drug-loaded mannitol was suitable for the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas kinetic model. In summary, the co-spray\u2013antisolvent method proved effective in fabricating porous materials rapidly, and porous mannitol had a remarkable effect on drug solubilization. The results obtained are conducive to the development of porous materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1707197803000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Fabrication, Drug Loading, and Release Behavior of Porous Mannitol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengji","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangshan","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM of Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119912","article-title":"Advances in drug delivery systems: Work in progress still needed?","volume":"590","author":"Laffleur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drozd, K.V., Manin, A.N., Boycov, D.E., and Perlovich, G.L. (2022). Simultaneous improvement of dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability of antifungal miconazole via cocrystal and salt formation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051107"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118642","article-title":"Improvement strategies for the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flavonoids: An overview","volume":"570","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhalani, D.V., Nutan, B., Kumar, A., and Singh Chandel, A.K. (2022). Bioavailability enhancement techniques for poorly aqueous soluble drugs and therapeutics. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092055"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.032","article-title":"Recent advances on the improvement of quercetin bioavailability","volume":"119","author":"Kandemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhakay, A., Rahman, M., Dave, R., and Bilgili, E. (2018). Bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs via nanocomposites: Formulation\u2013processing aspects and challenges. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030086"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, P., Pyo, Y.-C., Kim, D.-H., Lee, S.-E., Kim, J.-K., and Park, J.-S. (2019). Overview of the manufacturing methods of solid dispersion technology for improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs and application to anticancer drugs. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030132"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104447","article-title":"Polysaccharide-based nanogels for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"84","author":"Damiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.054","article-title":"Mesoporous systems for poorly soluble drugs\u2014Recent trends","volume":"536","author":"Riikonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2018.1542709","article-title":"Enhancing oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs with mesoporous silica based systems: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Bremmell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.11.067","article-title":"Porous aerogel and core\/shell nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery: A review","volume":"96","author":"Oliva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39490","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06829H","article-title":"Design and pharmaceutical applications of porous particles","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201900523","article-title":"Synthesis of meso\/macroporous \u03b3-alumina via aluminum pellet with controllable porosity: Ammonium bicarbonate influences through drying and calcination steps","volume":"4","author":"Bamdadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.10.041","article-title":"Development of porous spray-dried inhalable particles using an organic solvent-free technique","volume":"342","author":"Gallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyandin, A.N., Dvoinina, L.M., Sukovatyi, A.G., and Sukhanova, A.A. (2020). Production of porous films based on biodegradable polyesters by the casting solution technique using a co-soluble porogen (Camphor). Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12091950"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118783","article-title":"Swellable and porous bilayer tablet for gastroretentive drug delivery: Preparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation","volume":"572","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeman, J., Pavlokov\u00e1, S., Vetch\u00fd, D., Sta\u0148o, A., Moravec, Z., Mat\u011bjovsk\u00fd, L., and Pitschmann, V. (2021). Utilization of pharmaceutical technology methods for the development of innovative porous metasilicate pellets with a very high specific surface area for chemical warfare agents detection. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111860"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111560","article-title":"Polymeric non-spherical coarse microparticles fabricated by double emulsion-solvent evaporation for simvastatin delivery","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.12.077","article-title":"Template-directed flower-like lactose with micro-meso-macroporous structure","volume":"117","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2018.1445096","article-title":"Role of templating agents in the spray drying and postcrystallization of lactose for the production of highly porous powders","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.055","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, physicochemical property and potential application of porous starch: A review","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.02.052","article-title":"Improving the dissolution rate of hydrophobic drugs through encapsulation in porous lactose as a new biocompatible porous carrier","volume":"521","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335103","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab9043","article-title":"pH- and temperature-responsive radially porous silica nanoparticles with high-capacity drug loading for controlled drug delivery","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10538","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB01712E","article-title":"Smart stimuli-responsive polysaccharide nanohydrogels for drug delivery: A review","volume":"11","author":"Damiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Zhang, W., Fei, Y., Cui, M., Xie, L., Chen, L., and Xu, L. (2020). Evaluation of the solid dispersion system engineered from mesoporous silica and polymers for the poorly water soluble drug indomethacin: In vitro and in vivo. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020144"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00811","article-title":"Ternary amorphous solid dispersions containing a high-viscosity polymer and mesoporous silica enhance dissolution performance","volume":"18","author":"Hanada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceut."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.12.035","article-title":"Carvedilol dissolution improvement by preparation of solid dispersions with porous silica","volume":"406","author":"Planinsek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-013-9985-6","article-title":"Porous starch: A novel carrier for solubility enhancement of carbamazepine","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2016.02.047","article-title":"Nano-confinement of acetaminophen into porous mannitol through adsorption method","volume":"227","author":"Saffari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2017.11.005","article-title":"Hierarchical porous calcium carbonate microspheres as drug delivery vector","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci.-Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.06.015","article-title":"Porous microspheres: Synthesis, characterization and applications in pharmaceutical & medical fields","volume":"548","author":"Saha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletes-Vargas, G., Espinosa-Andrews, H., Cervantes-Uc, J.M., Limon-Rocha, I., Luna-Barcenas, G., Vazquez-Lepe, M., Morales-Hernandez, N., Jimenez-Avalos, J.A., Mejia-Torres, D.G., and Ramos-Martinez, P. (2023). Porous chitosan hydrogels produced by physical crosslinking: Physicochemical, structural, and cytotoxic properties. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092203"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103619","article-title":"Evaluation of different types of mannitol for dry granulation by roller compaction","volume":"75","author":"Palugan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.10.030","article-title":"Highly-porous mannitol particle production using a new templating approach","volume":"67","author":"Saffari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.04.011","article-title":"A pragmatic approach for engineering porous mannitol and mechanistic evaluation of particle performance","volume":"94","author":"Koner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02137-0","article-title":"Recent advances in enhancement of dissolution and supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drug in amorphous pharmaceutical solids: A review","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.10.010","article-title":"Design and evaluation of nanocomposite microparticles to enhance dissolution and oral bioavailability of andrographolide","volume":"323","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.10.008","article-title":"Designing a multi-component spray-dried formulation platform for pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals: The use of polyol, disaccharide, polysaccharide and synthetic polymer to modify solid-state properties for glassy stabilisation","volume":"287","author":"Sou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2020.1832513","article-title":"Advances in spray drying of sugar-rich products","volume":"39","author":"Sobulska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almansour, K., Ali, R., Alheibshy, F., Almutairi, T.J., Alshammari, R.F., Alhajj, N., Arpagaus, C., and Elsayed, M.M.A. (2022). Particle engineering by nano spray drying: Optimization of process parameters with hydroethanolic versus aqueous solutions. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040800"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, W.F., Zhu, L., Li, Z., Wu, W.T., Guan, Y.M., Chen, L.H., Mao, Z.X., and Ming, L.S. (2021). The novel use of PVP K30 as templating agent in production of porous lactose. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060814"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Shen, Y., Yu, D., Yang, T., Wu, M., Yang, L., and Petru, M. (2020). Porous film coating enabled by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) for enhanced air permeability of fabrics: The effect of PVP molecule weight and dosage. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122961"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.030","article-title":"Composite particles based on particle engineering for direct compaction","volume":"519","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.07.014","article-title":"Development of TCM-based composite particles for direct compaction by particle design","volume":"338","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.02.001","article-title":"Continuous manufacturing of delta mannitol by cospray drying with PVP","volume":"501","author":"Vanhoorne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.02.018","article-title":"Investigation of the dynamic process during spray-drying to improve aerodynamic performance of inhalation particles","volume":"390","author":"Kawakamia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01739-4","article-title":"The fundamental and functional property differences between HPMC and PVP co-processed herbal particles prepared by fluid bed coating","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02160-1","article-title":"Optimization of spray-drying parameters for formulation development at preclinical scale","volume":"23","author":"Nespi","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.114489","article-title":"Structural characteristics, binding behaviors, and stability of ternary nanocomplexes of lecithin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and curcumin","volume":"175","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2015.05.004","article-title":"A multivariate approach applied to quality on particle engineering of spray-dried mannitol","volume":"26","author":"Lanchote","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-016-9978-y","article-title":"The effect of polymorphism on surface energetics of D-mannitol polymorphs","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.09.030","article-title":"Improved solubility and oral absorption of emodin-nicotinamide cocrystal over emodin with PVP as a solubility enhancer and crystallization inhibitor","volume":"109","author":"Ban","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116838","article-title":"Spray-dried bacterial cellulose nanofibers: A new generation of pharmaceutical excipient intended for intestinal drug delivery","volume":"249","author":"Meneguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Poly."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-022-11327-2","article-title":"New insights into the thermal degradation behavior of Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing carvacrol essential oil via thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.K., Pandey, D., Patil, T., and Sawarkar, A.N. (2020). Pyrolysis of banana leaves biomass: Physico-chemical characterization, thermal decomposition behavior, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Bioresour. Technol., 310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123464"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132603","article-title":"Effect of chitosan coating on the properties of nanoliposomes loaded with oyster protein hydrolysates: Stability during spray-drying and freeze-drying","volume":"385","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic, L., Urosevic, M., Nikolic, V., Gajic, I., Dinic, A., Miljkovic, V., Rakic, S., Dokic, S., Kesic, J., and Ilic-Stojanovic, S. (2023). The formulation of curcumin: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex with smart hydrogel for prolonged release of curcumin. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020382"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2016.07.030","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ibuprofen\/modified chitosan\/TiO2 hybrid composite as a controlled drug-delivery system","volume":"234","author":"Kamari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Micropor. Mesopor. Mat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.02.001","article-title":"Quantitative study on coal and shale pore structure and surface roughness based on atomic force microscopy and image processing","volume":"244","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137725","article-title":"Experimental and computer simulation investigations of ethyl red with modified \u03b2-cyclodextrins: Inclusion mechanism and structure characterization","volume":"754","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102810","article-title":"Applications of capillary action in drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104089","article-title":"Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of sunitinib malate interaction with albumin using surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking methods","volume":"150","author":"Jafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.12.016","article-title":"A novel formulation for solubility and content uniformity enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs using highly-porous mannitol","volume":"83","author":"Saffari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.04.026","article-title":"Adsorption of carotenes and phosphorus from palm oil onto acid activated bleaching earth: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"118","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-0958-7","article-title":"Preparation of controlled-release particles based on spherical porous silica used as the drug carrier by the dry coating method","volume":"19","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Huang, H., Dong, Y., Sui, X., Jian, B., and Zhu, W. (2019). A comparative study of the use of mesoporous carbon and mesoporous silica as drug carriers for oral delivery of the water-insoluble drug carvedilol. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091770"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.09.003","article-title":"Drug release profile in core\u2013shell nanofibrous structures: A study on Peppas equation and artificial neural network modeling","volume":"113","author":"Maleki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Meth. Prog. Bio."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayan, M.F., Chandrasekaran, B., and Alyami, M.H. (2023). Development and characterization of econazole topical gel. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9120929"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama, R., Kimura, G., Huwyler, J., Hosoya, K.I., and Puchkov, M. (2020). Impact of insoluble separation layer mechanical properties on disintegration and dissolution kinetics of multilayer tablets. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060495"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama, R., Kimura, G., Schleputz, C.M., Huwyler, J., and Puchkov, M. (2018). Modeling of disintegration and dissolution behavior of mefenamic acid formulation using numeric solution of Noyes-Whitney equation with cellular automata on microtomographic and algorithmically generated surfaces. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0490.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, L., Cui, L., Cheng, L., Moczo, J., and Pukanszky, B. (2023). Levocetirizine-loaded electrospun fibers from Water-Soluble polymers: Encapsulation and drug release. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104188"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.08.017","article-title":"Dissolution process analysis using model-free Noyes-Whitney integral equation","volume":"102","author":"Hattori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.02.018","article-title":"Electrohydrodynamic atomization of balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seed gum for the fast-release of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil: Characterization of nano-capsules and modeling the kinetics of release","volume":"93","author":"Rezaeinia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00503","article-title":"Investigation of surface properties for electrolyte solutions: Measurement and prediction of surface tension for aqueous concentrated electrolyte solutions","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103907","article-title":"Formation of delta-mannitol by co-spray drying: Enhancing the tabletability of paracetamol\/mannitol formulations","volume":"77","author":"Vervaet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, L., Li, Z., Wu, F., Du, R., and Feng, Y. (2017). A two-step approach for fluidized bed granulation in pharmaceutical processing: Assessing different models for design and control. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180209"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.200","article-title":"Chitosan\/zein films incorporated with essential oil nanoparticles and nanoemulsions: Similarities and differences","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127769","article-title":"Chitosan functionalized cellulose nanocrystals for stabilizing Pickering emulsion: Fabrication, characterization and stability evaluation","volume":"632","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2022.100092","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of 4-formylphenylboronic acid cross-linked chitosan hydrogel with dual action: Glucose-sensitivity and controlled insulin release","volume":"50","author":"Damiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.N., Jiang, X.X., Naeem, A., Chen, F.C., Wang, L., Liu, Y.X., Li, Z., and Ming, L.S. (2022). Fabrication and characterization of beta-cyclodextrin\/mosla chinensis essential oil inclusion complexes: Experimental design and molecular modeling. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010037"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"4926809","article-title":"Adsorption of thymol onto natural clays of morocco: Kinetic and isotherm studies","volume":"2020","author":"Ziyat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem-NY."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14156","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14156","article-title":"Simple microencapsulation of plant essential oil in porous starch granules: Adsorption kinetics and antibacterial activity evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Pres."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125060","article-title":"Commercial bentonite clay as low-cost and recyclable \u201cnatural\u201d adsorbent for the Carbendazim removal\/recover from water: Overview on the adsorption process and preliminary photodegradation considerations","volume":"602","author":"Rizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120526","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a chiral molecularly imprinted polymer with a novel functional monomer for controlled release of S-sulpiride","volume":"601","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/3\/715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:54:40Z","timestamp":1760104480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/3\/715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29030715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29030715","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]}}}