{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:09:06Z","timestamp":1792620546535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries (DC) is the most common oral pathology. The main bacteria responsible for DC is Streptococcus mutans. One of the strategies that can decrease or eliminate the risk of DC development is using compounds that will inhibit both the growth and virulence factors of S. mutans. Tannins are plant polyphenols that have strong antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of three tannins against S. mutans. In this investigation, microbiological tests (MIC and MBC) and physicochemical techniques like the fluorescence measurements of tannins\u2019 interaction with S. mutans cell membrane and membrane proteins, zeta potential, and thermodynamic analyses were used to obtain knowledge about the antibacterial potential of the investigated compounds against S. mutans as well as about the mechanisms associated with antibacterial activity. The obtained results demonstrate that the used compounds exhibit high antibacterial activity against S. mutans. The mechanisms of their antibacterial activity are linked to the strong change in the S. mutans membrane fluidity and potential, and to their interaction with membrane proteins that can result in great disturbance of bacterial physiology and ultimately the inhibition of bacterial growth, triggering their death. Therefore, it can be concluded that the investigated compounds can be potentially used as natural factors in the prevention of dental caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1708063225000},"page":"879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of Plant Polyphenols Belonging to the Tannins against Streptococcus mutans\u2014Potential against Dental Caries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7548-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Czerkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Olchowik-Grabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141omanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nodira","family":"Abdulladjanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100143, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"S\u0119kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-254 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1\u010d, J., Slobodn\u00edkov\u00e1, L., Traj\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, E., Rendekov\u00e1, K., Mu\u010daji, P., Sychrov\u00e1, A., and Bittner Fialov\u00e1, S. (2023). Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids and Tannins in Manaent of Oral Infectious Diseases. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010158"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33858","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33858","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of a modified unfilled resin containing a novel polymerizable quaternary ammonium salt MgemAE-HB","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.107854","article-title":"Grape Products and Oral Health","volume":"139","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01232-6","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans and Its Inhibition by Green Tea Extracts","volume":"11","author":"Zayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Expr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2017.08.002","article-title":"Role of Streptococcus mutans Surface Proteins for Biofilm Formation","volume":"54","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.174","article-title":"Identification of potential inhibitors of sortase A: Binding studies, in-silico docking and protein-protein interaction studies of sortase A from Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"120","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12688","article-title":"Dental biofilm infections\u2014An update","volume":"125","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660048","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.660048","article-title":"Amylases: Biofilm inducer or biofilm inhibitor?","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Chen, X., Wang, C., Song, J., Xu, J., Liu, X., Yu, Q., and Suo, H. (2023). New Strategies and Mechanisms for Targeting Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation to Prevent Dental Caries. Microbiol. Res., 278.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127526"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manso, T., Lores, M., and de Miguel, T. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Natural Polyphenolic Extracts on Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010046"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip, N., and Walsh, L.J. (2019). Cranberry Polyphenols: Natural Weapons against Dental Caries. Dent. J., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7010020"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olchowik-Grabarek, E., S\u0119kowski, S., Kwiatek, A., P\u0142aczkiewicz, J., Abdulladjanova, N., Shlyonsky, V., Swiecicka, I., and Zamaraeva, M. (2022). The Structural Changes in the Membranes of Staphylococcus aureus Caused by Hydrolysable Tannins Witness Their Antibacterial Activity. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12111124"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olchowik-Grabarek, E., Sekowski, S., Mies, F., Bitiucki, M., Swiecicka, I., Abdulladjanova, N., Shlyonsky, V., and Zamaraeva, M. (2023). Electrophysiological and Spectroscopic Investigation of Hydrolysable Tannins Interaction with \u03b1-Hemolysin of S. aureus. Bioelectrochemistry, 150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2022.108318"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00238.x","article-title":"Flavonoid-membrane interactions: Possible consequences for biological effects of some polyphenolic compounds","volume":"27","author":"Hendrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68030-1","article-title":"Inhibition of interaction between Staphylococcus aureus \u03b1-hemolysin and erythrocytes membrane by hydrolysable tannins: Structure-related activity study","volume":"10","author":"Sekowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.10.004","article-title":"Biophysical studies of interaction between hydrolysable tannins isolated from Oenothera gigas and Geranium sanguineum with human serum albumin","volume":"123","author":"Sekowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekowski, S., Olchowik-Grabarek, E., Wieckowska, W., Veiko, A., Oldak, L., Gorodkiewicz, E., Karamov, E., Abdulladjanova, N., Mavlyanov, S., and Lapshina, E. (2020). Spectroscopic, Zeta-potential and Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis of interaction between potential anti-HIV tannins with different flexibility and human serum albumin. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 194.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111175"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112112","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Euphorbia tannins on \u03b1-synuclein aggregation in aqueous solutions","volume":"299","author":"Sekowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6726","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070905x","article-title":"Interaction of different polyphenols with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human salivary \u03b1-amylase (HSA) by fluorescence quenching","volume":"55","author":"Soares","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farha, A.K., Yang, Q.Q., Kim, G., Li, H.B., Zhu, F., Liu, H.Y., Gan, R.Y., and Corke, H. (2020). Tannins as an alternative to antibiotics. Food Biosci., 38.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100751"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Catalano, A., D\u2019Amato, A., Lauria, G., Saturnino, C., Andreu, I., and Sinicropi, M.S. (2023). Diarylureas: New Promising Small Molecules against Streptococcus mutans for the Treatment of Dental Caries. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010112"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5530\/ax.2011.3.7","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"1","author":"Sendamangalam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Antioxid."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veloz, J.J., Alvear, M., and Salazar, L.A. (2019). Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity against Streptococcus mutans of Individual and Mixtures of the Main Polyphenolic Compounds Found in Chilean Propolis. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7602343"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Song, Q., Wang, F., Sun, L., Liu, L., Yang, X., Yi, J., Bao, Y., and Ma, H. (2017). Anti-biofilm activities from Bergenia crassifolia leaves against Streptococcus mutans. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01738"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekowski, S., Veiko, A., Olchowik-Grabarek, E., Dubis, A., Wilczewska, A.Z., Markiewicz, K.H., and Zamaraeva, M. (2022). Hydrolysable tannins change physicochemical parameters of lipid nano-vesicles and reduce DPPH radical-Experimental studies and quantum chemical analysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr., 1864.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2021.183778"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095630","article-title":"Bacterial membranes: Structure, domains, and function","volume":"71","author":"Strahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhang, B., Wang, Y., and Hu, R. (2023). Effects of Sulforaphene on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus Mutans In Vitro and Dental Caries Development In Vivo. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091359"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1021\/np0703601","article-title":"Binding and neutralization of lipopolysaccharides by plant proanthocyanidins","volume":"70","author":"Delehanty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Jin, C., Lv, S., Zhang, H., Ren, F., and Wang, J. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms and Applications of Polyphenol-Protein Complexes with Antioxidant Properties: A Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081577"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albani, J.R. (2008). Principles and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470692059"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00496","article-title":"Structures and antibacterial properties of isorugosins H-J, oligomeric ellagitannins from Liquidambar formosana with characteristics bridging groups between sugar moieties","volume":"80","author":"Shimozu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2004.10.013","article-title":"Flavonoid\u2013serum albumin complexation: Determination of binding constants and binding sites by fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"1721","author":"Dufour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2014.04.001","article-title":"Investigation on the differences of four flavonoids with similar structure binding to human serum albumin","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-03054-1","article-title":"Surfactants: Physicochemical interactions with biological macromolecules","volume":"43","author":"Banat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.07.001","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis on the binding interaction of biologically active pyrimidine derivative with bovine serum albumin","volume":"6","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.1021\/la034783o","article-title":"Effect of temperature on hydrophobic interaction between proteins and hydrophobic adsorbents: Studies by isothermal titration calorimetry and the van\u2019t Hoff equation","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0758-y","article-title":"Zeta potential as a measure of the surface charge of mycobacterial cells","volume":"64","author":"Galeano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maillard, A.P.F., Espeche, J.C., Maturana, P., Cutro, A.C., and Hollmann, A. (2021). Zeta potential beyond materials science: Applications to bacterial systems and to the development of novel antimicrobials. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr., 1863.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2021.183597"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/aiht-2016-67-2720","article-title":"Effects of natural antimicrobials on bacterial cell hydrophobicity, adhesion, and zeta potential","volume":"67","author":"Fink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakowicz, J.R. (1999). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Kluwer Academic\/Planum Publishers. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3061-6"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.03.039","article-title":"The interaction of sonochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles with serum albumins","volume":"53","author":"Naveenraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/4\/879\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:00:47Z","timestamp":1760104847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/4\/879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29040879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29040879","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]}}}