{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:29:36Z","timestamp":1789543776980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["778168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["778168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a novel sustainable approach was proposed for the integral valorisation of Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds and roots. Firstly, a preliminary recovery of bioactive compounds, including unsaturated fatty acids, was performed. Then, simple sugars (i.e., fructose and sucrose) and phenolic compounds were extracted by using compressed fluids (supercritical CO2 and propane). Consequently, a complete characterisation of raw biomass and extraction residues was carried out to determine the starting chemical composition in terms of residual lipids, proteins, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash content. Subsequently, three alternative ways to utilise extraction residues were proposed and successfully tested: (i) enzymatic hydrolysis operated by Cellulases (Thricoderma resei) of raw and residual biomass to glucose, (ii) direct ethanolysis to produce ethyl levulinate; and (iii) pyrolysis to obtain biochar to be used as supports for the synthesis of sulfonated magnetic iron-carbon catalysts (Fe-SMCC) to be applied in the dehydration of fructose for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The development of these advanced approaches enabled the full utilisation of this resource through the production of fine chemicals and value-added compounds in line with the principles of the circular economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:50:22Z","timestamp":1708498222000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Network of Processes for Biorefining Burdock Seeds and Roots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0864-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"di Bitonto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Viale De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Scelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Viale De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda Elizabeth","family":"Reynel-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCYT), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20256, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didilia Ileana","family":"Mendoza-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCYT), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20256, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Bonilla-Petriciolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20256, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Lucio","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), P.O. 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Box 19011, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"H\u00e1jek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentsk\u00e1 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roumiana P.","family":"Stateva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. 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