{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:18Z","timestamp":1787029098395,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017524","name":"State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017524","name":"State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-KYJJ-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KYJJ-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017524","name":"State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42230716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of The Technology Center of Anhui Chaoyue Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd.","award":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of The Technology Center of Anhui Chaoyue Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd.","award":["2022-KYJJ-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KYJJ-3"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of The Technology Center of Anhui Chaoyue Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd.","award":["42230716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230716"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-JSKSSYS-06"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-KYJJ-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KYJJ-3"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230716"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the synergistic effect and mechanism of gelling materials with blast furnace slag (BFS), steel slag (SS) and desulphurization gypsum (DG) as the main components on the hardening of heavy metal ions by lead and zinc tailings. It is found that lead and zinc tailing (LZT) is mainly composed of dolomite and quartz and contain small amounts of calcium, aluminum, iron, magnesium and other elements as well as heavy metals such as lead and zinc. By the mechanical activation method, it is found that the lead and zinc tailings powder has the largest specific surface area and the highest activity index when the ball milling time is 2 h. At a hardening timepoint of 28 d, the calcite crystals in the samples are intertwined with the amorphous C-S-H gel (C-S-H gels are mainly composed of 3CaO\u2219SiO2 and 2CaO\u2219SiO2), which enhances the structural strength of the samples. The chemical reaction analysis confirmed that the formation of calcite is a major driver for the hydration reaction of the steel slag\u2013desulphurization gypsum (SSSDG) system. Overall, the slag, steel slag and desulphurization gypsum solid waste-based gelling materials have synergistic effects in hardening heavy metals by limiting the leaching of metal ions, adsorbing metal ions and hardening heavy metals, and facilitating the hydration process through the formation of compound salt precipitates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T11:31:21Z","timestamp":1708947081000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reaction Process of Solid Waste Composite-Based Cementitious Materials for Immobilizing and Characterizing Heavy Metals in Lead and Zinc Tailings: Based on XRD, SEM-EDS and Compressive Strength Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Intelligent Underground Exploration and Environmental Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Intelligent Underground Exploration and Environmental Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China"},{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-015-1021-5","article-title":"Lead industry life cycle studies: Environmental impact and life cycle assessment of lead battery and architectural sheet production","volume":"21","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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