{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:24:03Z","timestamp":1780763043395,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19677207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19677207"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["NC-1194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC-1194"]}]},{"name":"USDA\/NJAES","award":["AP19677207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19677207"]}]},{"name":"USDA\/NJAES","award":["NC-1194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC-1194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a strong need to develop an insulin delivery system suitable for oral administration and preserving natural (\u03b1-helix) insulin conformation. In this work, we fabricated alginate\u2013gelatin hydrogel beads for insulin encapsulation. Altering matrix composition and crosslinking agents has resulted in various surface morphologies and internal spatial organization. The structures of the insulin-loaded matrices were studied using optical and field emission electronic microscopy. We use FTIR spectroscopy to identify insulin conformation changes as affected by the hydrogel matrices. It was found that blended alginate\u2013gelatin matrices demonstrate better encapsulation efficiency and stronger swelling resistance to a simulated gastric environment than sodium alginate beads crosslinked with the CaCl2. FTIR measurements reveal conformation changes in insulin. It is also confirmed that in the presence of gelatin, the process of insulin fibrinogenesis ceases due to intermolecular interaction with the gelatin. Performed molecular modeling shows that dipole\u2013dipole interactions are the dominating mechanism that determines insulin behavior within the fabricated matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Insulin Conformation Changes in Hybrid Alginate\u2013Gelatin Hydrogel Particles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulzhan Ye.","family":"Yerlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical, Colloid Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6149-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakyt B.","family":"Tyussyupova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical, Colloid Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3300-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagdat M.","family":"Tazhibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical, Colloid Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1114-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuanyshbek","family":"Musabekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical, Colloid Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Petroleum Engineering Institute, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street, 59, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8797-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Takhistov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1752","article-title":"The Incidence of Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review From 32 Countries and Regions","volume":"45","author":"Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.01.010","article-title":"Oral delivery of macromolecular drugs: Where we are after almost 100 years of attempts","volume":"101","author":"Elena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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