{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:59:09Z","timestamp":1773698349173,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Fund Exploration Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["LTGN23B050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGN23B050001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Fund Exploration Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["20231122t12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231122t12"]}]},{"name":"Natural Fund Exploration Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2021YFF0602801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602801"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Hangzhou Science and Technology Commissioner","award":["LTGN23B050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGN23B050001"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Hangzhou Science and Technology Commissioner","award":["20231122t12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231122t12"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Hangzhou Science and Technology Commissioner","award":["2021YFF0602801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602801"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["LTGN23B050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGN23B050001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["20231122t12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20231122t12"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFF0602801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0602801"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pollution from waste plastic express packages (WPEPs), especially microplastic (MP) fragments, caused by the blowout development of the express delivery industry has attracted widespread attention. On account of the variety of additives, strong complexity, and high diversity of plastic express packages (PEPs), the multi-class classification of WPEPs is a typical large-class-number classification (LCNC). The traceability and identification of microplastic fragments from WPEPs is very challenging. An effective chemometric method for large-class-number classification would be very beneficial for the comprehensive treatment of WPEP pollution through the recycling and reuse of waste plastic express packages, including microplastic fragments and plastic debris. Rather than using the traditional one-against-one (OAO) and one-against-all (OAA) dichotomies, an exhaustive and parallel half-against-half (EPHAH) decomposition, which overcomes the defects of the OAO\u2019s classifier learning limitations and the OAA\u2019s data proportion imbalance, is proposed for feature selection. EPHAH analysis, combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for large-class-number classification, was performed on 750 microplastic fragments of polyethylene WPEPs from 10 major courier companies using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. After the removal of abnormal samples through robust principal component analysis (RPCA), the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) value for the model was reduced to 0.01, which was 21.5% lower than that including the abnormal samples. The best models of PLS-DA were obtained using SNV combined with SG-17 smoothing and 2D (SNV+SG-17+2D); the latent variables (LVs), the error rates of Monte Carlo cross-validation (ERMCCVs), and the final classification accuracies were 6.35, 0.155, and 88.67% for OAO-PLSDA; 5.37, 0.103, and 87.33% for OAA-PLSDA; and 3.12, 0.054, and 96.00% for EPHAH-PLSDA. The results showed that the EPHAH strategy can completely learn the complex LCNC decision boundaries for 10 classes, effectively break the tie problem, and greatly improve the voting resolution, thereby demonstrating significant superiority to both the OAO and OAA strategies in terms of classification accuracy. Meanwhile, PLS-DA further maximized the covariance and data interpretation abilities between the potential variables and categories of microplastic debris, thereby establishing an ideal performance identification model with a recognition rate of 96.00%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1710495150000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traceability of Microplastic Fragments from Waste Plastic Express Packages Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianshu","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangliang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8203-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","article-title":"Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?","volume":"304","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4062.749","article-title":"Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters","volume":"178","author":"Carpenter","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4027.1240","article-title":"Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface","volume":"175","author":"Carpenter","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.027","article-title":"Microplastic in three urban estuaries, China","volume":"206","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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