{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:09:28Z","timestamp":1783948168975,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Beijing Nova Program","award":["20220484226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220484226"]}]},{"name":"the Beijing Nova Program","award":["32273050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273050"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20220484226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220484226"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32273050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In our research, we explored a natural substance called Oxymatrine, found in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, to fight against a common bird flu virus known as H9N2. This virus not only affects birds but can also pose a threat to human health. We focused on how this natural compound can help in stopping the virus from spreading in cells that line the lungs of birds and potentially humans. Our findings show that Oxymatrine can both directly block the virus and boost the body\u2019s immune response against it. This dual-action mechanism is particularly interesting because it indicates that Oxymatrine might be a useful tool in developing new ways to prevent and treat this type of bird flu. Understanding how Oxymatrine works against the H9N2 virus could lead to safer and more natural ways to combat viral infections in animals and humans, contributing to the health and well-being of society. The H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a persistent health threat because of its rapid mutation rate and the limited efficacy of vaccines, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapies. This study investigated the H9N2 AIV antiviral properties of Oxymatrine (OMT), a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, particularly focusing on its interaction with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Employing an array of in vitro assays, including 50% tissue culture infectious dose, Cell Counting Kit-8, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, we systematically elucidated the multifaceted effects of OMT. OMT dose-dependently inhibited critical antiviral proteins (PKR and Mx1) and modulated the expression of type I interferons and key cytokines (IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1), thereby affecting TLR3 signaling and its downstream elements (NF-\u03baB and IRF-3). OMT\u2019s antiviral efficacy extended beyond TLR3-mediated responses, suggesting its potential as a versatile antiviral agent. This study not only contributes to the growing body of research on the use of natural compounds as antiviral agents but also underscores the importance of further investigating the broader application of OMT for combating viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29091945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T10:18:36Z","timestamp":1713953916000},"page":"1945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Oxymatrine Modulation of TLR3 Signaling: A Dual-Action Mechanism for H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Defense and Immune Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3806-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00386.x","article-title":"Type- and subtype-specific RT-PCR assays for avian influenza A viruses (AIV)","volume":"47","author":"Starick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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