{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:15:48Z","timestamp":1784942148888,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of the Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of the Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields and Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Province","award":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of the Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields and Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Province","award":["2023-JC-QN-0413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0413"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of the Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields and Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Province","award":["22JP066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JP066"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province of China","award":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2023-JC-QN-0413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0413"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province of China","award":["22JP066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JP066"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSYU-CCCE-0401"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["2023-JC-QN-0413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0413"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["22JP066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JP066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to study the synergistic effects of exogenous catalysts and in situ minerals in the reservoir during heavy oil aquathermolysis, in this paper, a series of simple supported transition metal complexes were prepared using sodium citrate, chloride salts and bentonite, and their catalytic viscosity reduction performances for heavy oil were investigated. Bentonite complex catalyst marked as B@Zn(II)L appears to be the most effective complex. B@Zn(II)L was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption\u2013desorption isotherms. Under optimized conditions, the viscosity of the heavy oil was decreased by 88.3%. The reaction temperature was reduced by about 70 \u00b0C compared with the traditional reaction. The results of the group composition analysis and the elemental content of the heavy oil indicate that the resin and asphaltene content decreases, and the saturated and aromatic HC content increases. The results of TGA and DSC of the heavy oil show that the macromolecular substances in the heavy oil were cracked into small molecules with low boiling points by the reaction. GC-MS examination of water-soluble polar compounds post-reaction indicates that B@Zn(II)L can diminish the quantity of polar substances in heavy oil and lower the aromatic nature of these compounds. Thiophene and quinoline were utilized as model compounds to investigate the reaction mechanism. GC-MS analysis revealed that C-C, C-N and C-S bonds were cleaved during the reaction, leading to a decrease in the viscosity of heavy oil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1714386816000},"page":"2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhanced Aquathermolysis of Water\u2013Heavy Oil\u2013Ethanol Catalyzed by B@Zn(II)L at Low Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Energy and Architecture, Xi\u2019an Aeronautical Institute, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Energy and Architecture, Xi\u2019an Aeronautical Institute, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Energy and Architecture, Xi\u2019an Aeronautical Institute, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Energy and Architecture, Xi\u2019an Aeronautical Institute, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Provence, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCDC Changqing Downhole Technology Company, Xi\u2019an 710060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3711-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry, Universities of Shaanxi Provence, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1039\/b918960b","article-title":"A review of novel techniques for heavy oil and bitumen extraction and upgrading","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Environ. 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