{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:30:10Z","timestamp":1778038210385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinicians often have to face infections caused by microorganisms that are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance and\/or tolerance to antimicrobials. Among these pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic infections due to its ability to form biofilms on medical devices, skin wounds, ulcers and the lungs of patients with Cystic Fibrosis. In this scenario, the plant world represents an important reservoir of natural compounds with antimicrobial and\/or antibiofilm properties. In this study, an extract from the leaves of Combretum micranthum G. Don, named Cm4-p, which was previously investigated for its antimicrobial activities, was assayed for its capacity to inhibit biofilm formation and\/or to eradicate formed biofilms. The model strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 and its isogenic biofilm hyperproducer derivative B13 were treated with Cm4-p. Preliminary IR, UV-vis, NMR, and mass spectrometry analyses showed that the extract was mainly composed of catechins bearing different sugar moieties. The phytocomplex (3 g\/L) inhibited the biofilm formation of both the PAO1 and B13 strains in a significant manner. In light of the obtained results, Cm4-p deserves deeper investigations of its potential in the antimicrobial field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1714553979000},"page":"2091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibiofilm Activity of Combretum micranthum G. Don Catechin\u2013Sugar Phytocomplex on Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana Teresa","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bolognese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiodaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Armenia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3779-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miryam Chiara","family":"Malacarne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12033","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: New insights into pathogenesis and host defenses","volume":"67","author":"Gellatly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"95","author":"Lambert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01323.x","article-title":"Evolving concepts in biofilm infections","volume":"11","author":"Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS11026","article-title":"The clinical impact of bacterial biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Hoiby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"85","article-title":"Innate and induced resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms","volume":"322","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.06.015","article-title":"Modification of the surfaces of medical devices to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation","volume":"85","author":"Desrousseaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.3.2064-2069.2006","article-title":"Chelator-induced dispersal and killing of cells in a biofilm","volume":"72","author":"Banin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00187-1","article-title":"Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188628","article-title":"D-amino acids trigger biofilm disassembly","volume":"328","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.940921","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of a novel BODIPY photosensitizer against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1","volume":"30","author":"Orlandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026046026057","article-title":"Twenty years of research into medicinal plants: Results and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Hostettmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Calvo, M., Arosemena, E., Shiva, C., and Adelantado, C. (2012). Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances, FORMATEX."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1039\/B916096E","article-title":"Antimicrobial natural products: An update on future antibiotic drug candidates","volume":"27","author":"Saleem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-002-0059-1","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Combretoideae (Combretaceae) inferred from plastid, nuclear gene and spacer sequences","volume":"115","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Watt, J.M. (1962). The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa; Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal, E. & S. Livingstone. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Wyk, B. (2013). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Penguin Random House South Africa.","DOI":"10.4081\/pb.2012.br1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.061","article-title":"Antifungal activities of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae)","volume":"99","author":"Masoko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00405-0","article-title":"An investigation on the biological activity of Combretum species","volume":"75","author":"McGaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00067-1","article-title":"The preliminary isolation of several antibacterial compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae)","volume":"62","author":"Martini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00726-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from African Combretaceae","volume":"63","author":"Katerere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2014.66.81","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)","volume":"9","author":"Banfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, Y., Tomida, J., and Kawamura, Y. (2014). Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00422"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20983","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141020983","article-title":"Biofilm matrix and its regulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000543","article-title":"Response to photo-oxidative stress of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mutants impaired in different functions","volume":"163","author":"Orlandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02595.x","article-title":"The Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensor RetS switches type III and type VI secretion via c-di-GMP signalling","volume":"13","author":"Moscoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00153","article-title":"Characterization of the Direct Interaction between Hybrid Sensor Kinases PA1611 and RetS That Controls Biofilm Formation and the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"3","author":"Bhagirath","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vohra, M., Kour, A., Kalia, N.P., Kumar, M., Sharma, S., Jaglan, S., Kamath, N., and Sharma, S. (2024). A comprehensive review of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomic insights into the differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the planktonic to biofilm state: A multi-omics approach. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 257.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128563"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vadakkan, K., Ngangbam, A.K., Sathishkumar, K., Rumjit, N.P., and Cheruvathur, M.K. (2024). A review of chemical signaling pathways in the quorum sensing circuit of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127861"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-014-0100-x","article-title":"The hierarchy quorum sensing network in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaieb, K., Kouidhi, B., Hosawi, S.B., Baothman, O.A.S., Zamzami, M.A., and Altayeb, H.N. (2022). Computational screening of natural compounds as putative quorum sensing inhibitors targeting drug resistance bacteria: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Comput. Biol. Med., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105517"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, S., Yang, D., Zhao, L., Shi, F., Ye, G., Fu, H., Lin, J., Guo, H., He, R., and Li, J. (2021). EGCG-Mediated Potential Inhibition of Biofilm Development and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094946"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel Bar, F.M., Alossaimi, M.A., Elekhnawy, E., Alzeer, M.A.A., Abo Kamer, A., Moglad, E., and ElNaggar, M.H. (2022). Anti-Quorum Sensing and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Pelargonium x hortorum Root Extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Combinatorial Effect of Catechin and Gallic Acid. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227841"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2203291","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203291","article-title":"Biofilms: Formation, Research Models, Potential Targets, and Methods for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, R., Cheng, J., Wang, J., Li, P., and Lin, J. (2022). Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectious biofilms: Challenges and strategies. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.955286"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.129","article-title":"PslG, a self-produced glycosyl hydrolase, triggers biofilm disassembly by disrupting exopolysaccharide matrix","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/35023079","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen","volume":"406","author":"Stover","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.037","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Campylobacter jejuni in controlled mixed-microbial populations","volume":"143","author":"Teh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1612","article-title":"V3D enables real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of large-scale biological image data sets","volume":"28","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson. [7th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/9\/2091\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:38:14Z","timestamp":1760107094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/9\/2091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29092091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29092091","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}