{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1760144636586,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"]}]},{"name":"Talent Fund of Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Eco-Chemical Engineering","award":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51506105","2017GSF16101","XTCXQN06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During chemical looping combustion (CLC) and chemical looping gasification (CLG) of coal, the release, migration, and speciation of mercury in coal are significantly influenced by oxygen-carrier materials; however, the underlying mechanism remains inadequately addressed. In this work, the effect of a typical iron-based oxygen carrier on the release behavior of mercury from a bituminous coal and a lignite was investigated based on the Ontario-Hydro method. It is found that the effect of the iron-based oxygen carrier is attributed to three aspects: the enhanced release rate of mercury from coal, the adsorption of the released mercury, and the oxidization of gaseous Hg0 into Hg2+. With the increasing temperature, the adsorbance of mercury by the iron-based oxygen carrier decreases, while the oxidation of mercury enhances. Even at 900 \u00b0C, the adsorbance of mercury by the oxygen carrier remained at 0.1687 g\/g, with a relative content of Hg2+ at 22.55%. Additionally, it was observed that iron-based oxygen carriers can physically absorb both Hg0 and Hg2+, while chemisorption refers to complex-compound formation between the iron-based oxygen carrier and mercury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T09:58:56Z","timestamp":1715162336000},"page":"2195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mercury Adsorption and Oxidation Performance of an Iron-Based Oxygen Carrier during Coal Chemical Looping Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Guochao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuju","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minggang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Green & Smart Chemical Engineering in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Evan, J.G., and Henry, W.P. (2015). Constance Senior. Mercury Control for Coal-Derived Gas Streams, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60105-4","article-title":"Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2011.12.003","article-title":"Mercury adsorption and oxidation in coal combustion and gasification processes","volume":"90\u201391","author":"Wilcox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1021\/ef2006904","article-title":"Volatility and speciation of mercury during pyrolysis and gasification of five Chinese coals","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuel"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE03793D","article-title":"Chemical looping beyond combustion\u2013a perspective","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2017.07.005","article-title":"Chemical looping combustion of solid fuels","volume":"65","author":"Abad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energ. Combust."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE03718F","article-title":"Biomass-based chemical looping technologies: The good, the bad and the future","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60450-4","article-title":"Investigation into syngas generation from solid fuel using CaSO4-based chemical looping gasification process","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2014.09.011","article-title":"Effect of the gasifying medium on the coal chemical looping gasification with CaSO4 as oxygen carrier","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126352","article-title":"A review on mercury removal in chemical looping combustion of coal","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.128440","article-title":"Mercury transformation and removal in chemical looping combustion of coal: A review","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1021\/ef402377m","article-title":"Mercury release and speciation in chemical looping combustion of coal","volume":"28","author":"Mendiara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2013.12.013","article-title":"Release of pollutant components in CLC of lignite","volume":"22","author":"Mendiara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2015.12.034","article-title":"Sulphur, nitrogen and mercury emissions from coal combustion with CO2 capture in chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU)","volume":"46","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7887","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06931","article-title":"Fate of mercury in volatiles and char during in situ gasification chemical-looping combustion of coal","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20481","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b04014","article-title":"Transformation and migration of mercury during chemical-looping gasification of coal","volume":"58","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126477","article-title":"Reaction mechanism of H2S with Hg0 on CuFe2O4 oxygen carrier with oxygen vacancy structure during coal chemical looping gasification","volume":"333","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2005.22.221","article-title":"Effects of fly ash transition metal content and flue gas HCl\/SO2 ratio on mercury speciation in waste combustion","volume":"22","author":"Ghorishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2004.03.003","article-title":"Effects of NOx, \u03b1-Fe2O3, \u03b3-Fe2O3, and HCl on mercury transformations in a 7-kW coal combustion system","volume":"86","author":"Galbreath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b03829","article-title":"Ranking Oxygen Carriers for Elemental Mercury Oxidation in Coal-Fired Chemical-Looping Combustion: A Thermodynamic Approach","volume":"34","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.3866\/PKU.WHXB201607271","article-title":"Synergetic effect of mercury adsorption on the catalytic decomposition of CO over perfect and reduced Fe2O3[001] Surface","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b01937","article-title":"Density functional theory study of elemental mercury adsorption on Fe2O3[104] and it\u2019s effect on carbon deposit during chemical looping combustion","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.05.013","article-title":"Roles of \u03b3-Fe2O3 in fly ash for mercury removal: Results of density functional theory study","volume":"256","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26512","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b07827","article-title":"First-Principles investigation of mercury adsorption on the \u03b1-Fe2O3(11\u030502) surface","volume":"119","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mercury emission from coal-fired power plants in China","volume":"33","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. CSEE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1021\/ie401568x","article-title":"Coal chemical looping gasification for syngas generation using an iron-based oxygen carrier","volume":"53","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12773","DOI":"10.1021\/ie301804c","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3\/Al2O3 using the solution combustion approach for chemical looping combustion","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(1999). Standard Test Method for Mercury from Coal-Fired Stationary Sources (Ontario Hydro Method) (Standard No. ASTMD678416)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10364","DOI":"10.1021\/ie3009499","article-title":"Reaction mechanism of coal chemical looping process for syngas production with CaSO4 oxygen carrier in CO2 atmosphere","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/10\/2195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:45Z","timestamp":1760107305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/10\/2195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29102195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29102195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]}}}