{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:39:46Z","timestamp":1792805986261,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21104050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21104050"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials","award":["21104050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21104050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conducting polymers like polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene with nanostructures offers several advantages, such as high conductivity, a conjugated structure, and a large surface area, making them highly desirable for energy storage applications. However, the direct synthesis of conducting polymers with nanostructures poses a challenge. In this study, we employed a hard template method to fabricate polystyrene@polypyrrole (PS@PPy) core\u2013shell nanoparticles. It is important to note that PS itself is a nonconductive material that hinders electron and ion transport, compromising the desired electrochemical properties. To overcome this limitation, the PS cores were removed using organic solvents to create hollow PPy nanospheres. We investigated six different organic solvents (cyclohexane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)) for etching the PS cores. The resulting hollow PPy nanospheres showed various nanostructures, including intact, hollow, buckling, and collapsed structures, depending on the thickness of the PPy shell and the organic solvent used. PPy nanospheres synthesized with DMF demonstrated superior electrochemical properties compared to those prepared with other solvents, attributed to their highly effective PS removal efficiency, increased specific surface area, and improved charge transport efficiency. The specific capacitances of PPy nanospheres treated with DMF were as high as 350 F\/g at 1 A\/g. And the corresponding symmetric supercapacitor demonstrated a maximum energy density of 40 Wh\/kg at a power density of 490 W\/kg. These findings provide new insights into the synthesis method and energy storage mechanisms of PPy nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1715772712000},"page":"2331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fabrication of Polypyrrole Hollow Nanospheres by Hard-Template Method for Supercapacitor Electrode Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Renzhou","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2297","article-title":"Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.01.010","article-title":"Review of Supercapacitors: Materials and Devices","volume":"21","author":"Poonam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.249","article-title":"Review on Supercapacitors: Technologies and Materials","volume":"58","author":"Goikolea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129712","article-title":"Ultra-low temperature flexible supercapacitor based on hierarchically structured pristine polypyrrole membranes","volume":"420","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA13432H","article-title":"Conducting polymer composites for unconventional solid-state supercapacitors","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006203","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202006203","article-title":"Redox Poly-Counterion Doped Conducting Polymer for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0747-z","article-title":"Perspectives for electrochemical capacitors and related devices","volume":"19","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902007","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902007","article-title":"Energy Storage Data Reporting in Perspective\u2014Guidelines for Interpreting the Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems","volume":"9","author":"Mathis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-022-00388-4","article-title":"Conjugated Polymer Polypyrrole Nanostructures: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications","volume":"380","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00205J","article-title":"Latest advances in supercapacitors: From new electrode materials to novel device designs","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2005.01.007","article-title":"Uniform hollow conductive polymer microspheres synthesized with the sulfonated polystyrene template","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2014.09.008","article-title":"Polypyrrole single and double-shelled nanospheres templated by pyrrole-Hg(II) complex: Synthesis, characterization, formation mechanism and electrochemical performance","volume":"197","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02899","article-title":"MoS2 Nanosheet-Polypyrrole Composites Deposited on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Supercapacitor Applications","volume":"4","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17726","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c03553","article-title":"Structural Tuning of a Flexible and Porous Polypyrrole Film by a Template-Assisted Method for Enhanced Capacitance for Supercapacitor Applications","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-010-0713-8","article-title":"Polypyrrole nanocapsules via interfacial polymerization","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206605","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206605","article-title":"Recent Progress of Hollow Carbon Nanocages: General Design Fundamentals and Diversified Electrochemical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e2022213612","article-title":"Kinetics Driven by Hollow Nanoreactors: An Opportunity for Controllable Catalysis","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2007.10.014","article-title":"Controllable fabrication of SiO2\/polypyrrole core\u2013shell particles and polypyrrole hollow spheres","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900447","article-title":"Colloidal Hollow Spheres of Conducting Polymers with Smooth -Surface and Uniform, Controllable Sizes","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.1021\/ma9001897","article-title":"One-Step Synthetic Route for Conducting Core\u2212Shell Poly(styrene\/pyrrole) Nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Synthesis and Control of the Shell Thickness of Polyaniline and Polypyrrole Half Hollow Spheres Using the Polystyrene Cores","volume":"9","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-012-2663-5","article-title":"Controlled preparation of core\u2013shell polystyrene\/polypyrrole nanocomposite particles by a swelling\u2013diffusion\u2013interfacial polymerization method","volume":"290","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloid. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1052","DOI":"10.1149\/2.062207jes","article-title":"Hollow Polypyrrole Films: Applications for Energy Storage Devices","volume":"159","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2012.03.115","article-title":"Simple synthesis of polypyrrole-polystyrene hybrid hollow spheres","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-016-1803-1","article-title":"Hollow polypyrrole nanosphere embedded in nitrogen-doped graphene layers to obtain a three-dimensional nanostructure as electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitor","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2021.115780","article-title":"MnO2@polypyrrole composite with hollow microsphere structure for electrode material of supercapacitors","volume":"901","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0332-8","article-title":"Controlled synthesis of uniform hollow polypyrrole microcapsules by a cosolvent approach","volume":"1","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704015","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201704015","article-title":"Confined Assembly of Hollow Carbon Spheres in Carbonaceous Nanotube: A Spheres-in-Tube Carbon Nanostructure with Hierarchical Porosity for High-Performance Supercapacitor","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401401","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201401401","article-title":"Supercapacitors Performance Evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.07.037","article-title":"N- and O-doped hollow carbonaceous spheres with hierarchical porous structure for potential application in high-performance capacitance","volume":"363","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204278","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202204278","article-title":"Template-Directed Synthesis of Colloidal Hollow Particles: Mind the Material Used for the Template","volume":"18","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200085","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.202200085","article-title":"Polystyrene-Silica Colloidal Janus Particles with Uniform Shapes and Complex Structures","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(03)00045-5","article-title":"A review of polymer dissolution","volume":"28","author":"Koenig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04354-4","article-title":"Polypyrrole with appreciable solubility, crystalline order and electrical conductivity synthesized using various dopants appropriate for device applications","volume":"80","author":"John","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.08.063","article-title":"Controllable fabrication of porous free-standing polypyrrole films via a gas phase polymerization","volume":"364","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.09.014","article-title":"N- and O-doped carbonaceous nanotubes from polypyrrole for potential application in high-performance capacitance","volume":"247","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05305","article-title":"In-situ electrochemically deposited polypyrrole nanoparticles incorporated reduced graphene oxide as an efficient counter electrode for platinum-free dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57093","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16938","article-title":"Polypyrrole Hollow Microspheres with Boosted Hydrophilic Properties for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Water Dissociation Kinetics","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c02936","article-title":"Decoupling Critical Parameters in Large-Range Crystallinity-Controlled Polypyrrole-Based High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970418)64:3<519::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Structural and mechanical degradation of polypyrrole films due to aqueous media and heat treatment and the subsequent redoping characteristics","volume":"64","author":"Neoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1063\/1.460524","article-title":"The chemical nature of the nitrogens in polypyrrole and polyaniline: A comparative study by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"94","author":"Tan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-6779(85)90039-6","article-title":"XPS and electrical characterization of BF4\u2212-doped polypyrrole exposed to oxygen and water","volume":"10","author":"Erlandsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16162","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA03585F","article-title":"A self-supported, flexible, binder-free pseudo-supercapacitor electrode material with high capacitance and cycling stability from hollow, capsular polypyrrole fibers","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b19180","article-title":"Tunable Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Conductive Polymer Hydrogels for Energy-Storage Applications","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102874","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102874","article-title":"Reassembly of MXene Hydrogels into Flexible Films towards Compact and Ultrafast Supercapacitors","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138398","article-title":"MXene\/Graphdiyne nanotube composite films for Free-Standing and flexible Solid-State supercapacitor","volume":"450","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2018.04.022","article-title":"Construction and characterizations of hollow carbon microsphere@polypyrrole composite for the high performance supercapacitor","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1021\/nl500255v","article-title":"Polyaniline and Polypyrrole Pseudocapacitor Electrodes with Excellent Cycling Stability","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201501709","article-title":"Pushing the Cycling Stability Limit of Polypyrrole for Supercapacitors","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c00874","article-title":"Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Electrode from Sulfonated Graphene Oxide and Poly(pyrrole-(biphenyldisulfonic acid)-pyrrole)","volume":"3","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.08.014","article-title":"Mechanically strong high performance layered polypyrrole nano fibre\/graphene film for flexible solid state supercapacitor","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14445","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02920A","article-title":"Three-dimensional graphene oxide\/polypyrrole composite electrodes fabricated by one-step electrodeposition for high performance supercapacitors","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600969","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201600969","article-title":"Highly Flexible, Freestanding Supercapacitor Electrode with Enhanced Performance Obtained by Hybridizing Polypyrrole Chains with MXene","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1021\/nl1019672","article-title":"Highly Flexible and All-Solid-State Paperlike Polymer Supercapacitors","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.01.080","article-title":"Performance of Flexible and Binderless Polypyrrole\/Graphene Oxide\/Zinc Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode in a Symmetrical Two-Electrode Configuration","volume":"157","author":"Chee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201901514","article-title":"A Porous and Interconnected Polypyrrole Film with High Conductivity and Ion Accessibility as Electrode for Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors","volume":"6","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19885","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP02710A","article-title":"Morphology controllable nano-sheet polypyrrole-graphene composites for high-rate supercapacitor","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0518(199810)36:14<2513::AID-POLA10>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Production of micron-sized monodispersed polymer particles by seeded polymerization for the dispersion of highly monomer-swollen particles prepared with submicron-sized polymer seed particles utilizing the dynamic swelling method","volume":"36","author":"Okubo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Polym. Sci. Part. A Polym. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/10\/2331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:42:58Z","timestamp":1760107378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/10\/2331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29102331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29102331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}}}