{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:50:11Z","timestamp":1789033811152,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of z-drugs has increased worldwide since its introduction. Although the prescribing patterns of hypnotics differ among countries, zolpidem is the most widely used z-drug in the world. Zolpidem may be involved in poisoning and deaths. A simple and fast HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated. Zolpidem and the internal standard chloramphenicol were extracted from plasma using a sonication-assisted dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction procedure. The method was validated including selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. The calibration range (0.15\u20130.6 \u00b5g\/mL) covers therapeutic and toxic levels of zolpidem in plasma. The limit of quantification was set at 0.15 \u00b5g\/mL. Intra- and interday accuracy and precision values were lower than 15% at the concentration levels studied. Excellent recovery results were obtained for all concentrations. The proposed method was successfully applied to ten real postmortem plasma samples. In our series, multiple substances (alcohol and\/or other drugs) were detected in most cases of death involving zolpidem. Our analytical method is suitable for routine toxicological analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T11:17:52Z","timestamp":1716549472000},"page":"2490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Development and Validation of a Sonication-Assisted Dispersive Liquid\u2013Liquid Microextraction Procedure and an HPLC-PDA Method for Quantitative Determination of Zolpidem in Human Plasma and Its Application to Forensic Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9734-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Sellero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Cabarcos-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Jauregu\u00edzar-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Tabernero-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Bermejo-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Service, Forensic Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, C\/San Francisco s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024, February 27). 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