{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:31:48Z","timestamp":1769520708111,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The E022 Program, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico (Recursos Fiscales para la Investigaci\u00f3n)","award":["INP 059\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INP 059\/2021"]}]},{"name":"The E022 Program, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico (Recursos Fiscales para la Investigaci\u00f3n)","award":["HIM\/2019\/036 SSA. 1595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2019\/036 SSA. 1595"]}]},{"name":"program Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City, Mexico (Fondos Federales)","award":["INP 059\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INP 059\/2021"]}]},{"name":"program Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City, Mexico (Fondos Federales)","award":["HIM\/2019\/036 SSA. 1595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIM\/2019\/036 SSA. 1595"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metronidazole (MTZ) is the most common drug used against Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infections; however, treatment failures and high rates of recurrence of trichomoniasis have been reported, suggesting the presence of resistance in T. vaginalis to MTZ. Therefore, research into new therapeutic options against T. vaginalis infections has become increasingly urgent. This study investigated the trichomonacidal activity of a series of five imidazole carbamate compounds (AGR-1, AGR-2, AGR-3, AGR-4, and AGR-5) through in vitro susceptibility assays to determine the IC50 value of each compound. All five compounds demonstrated potent trichomonacidal activity, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range and AGR-2 being the most potent (IC50 400 nM). To gain insight into molecular events related to AGR-induced cell death in T. vaginalis, we analyzed the expression profiles of some metabolic genes in the trophozoites exposed to AGR compounds and MTZ. It was found that both AGR and MTZ compounds reduced the expression of the glycolytic genes (CK, PFK, TPI, and ENOL) and genes involved in metabolism (G6PD, TKT, TALDO, NADHOX, ACT, and TUB), suggesting that disturbing these key metabolic genes alters the survival of the T. vaginalis parasite and that they probably share a similar mechanism of action. Additionally, the compounds showed low cytotoxicity in the Caco-2 and HT29 cell lines, and the results of the ADMET analysis indicated that these compounds have pharmacokinetic properties similar to those of MTZ. The findings offer significant insights that can serve as a basis for future in vivo studies of the compounds as a potential new treatment against T. vaginalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T03:46:49Z","timestamp":1717127209000},"page":"2585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Imidazole Carbamates as a Promising Alternative for Treating Trichomoniasis: In Vitro Effects on the Growth and Gene Expression of Trichomonas vaginalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6137-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rosas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Navarrete-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ortega-Cuellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arreguin-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Biomacromol\u00e9culas, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1451-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"P\u00e9rez de la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunoqu\u00edmica, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Enr\u00edquez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomol\u00e9culas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6262-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Wong-Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Baeza-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Morales-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4651-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam Abigail","family":"Rojas-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.01.010","article-title":"\u00a0Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"36","author":"Aquino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissinger, P. 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