{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:49:59Z","timestamp":1789130999823,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Equisetaceae family, commonly known as horsetails, has been of scientific interest for decades due to its status as one of the most ancient extant vascular plant families. Notably, the corresponding species have found their place in traditional medicine, offering a wide array of applications. This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of polar secondary metabolites within the sterile stems of five distinct Equisetum species using HPLC\u2013DAD-ESI-MSn. For this purpose, fresh plant material was extracted with acetone\/water, and the resulting crude extracts were fractionated using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. The results reveal a complex array of compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. In addition, total phenolic contents (Folin\u2013Ciocalteu assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH assay) of the plant extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The present comparative analysis across the five species highlights both shared and species-specific metabolites, providing valuable insights into their chemical diversity and potential pharmacological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:41:03Z","timestamp":1718275263000},"page":"2821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["From Stem to Spectrum: Phytochemical Characterization of Five Equisetum Species and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Nosrati Gazafroudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstra\u00dfe 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll\/Eckw\u00e4lden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5544-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilo K.","family":"Mail\u00e4nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstra\u00dfe 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll\/Eckw\u00e4lden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9553-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dietmar R.","family":"Kammerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstra\u00dfe 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll\/Eckw\u00e4lden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian C.","family":"Stintzing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstra\u00dfe 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll\/Eckw\u00e4lden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Die Schachtelhalme (Equisetaceae, Pteridophyta) der Flora Deutschlands\u2014Ein aktualisierter Bestimmungsschl\u00fcssel","volume":"2","author":"Lubienski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ver\u00f6ff. Boch. Bot. Ver."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boz002","article-title":"Phylogenetics, classification and typification of extant horsetails (Equisetum, Equisetaceae)","volume":"189","author":"Christenhusz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab005","article-title":"Biogeography and genome size evolution of the oldest extant vascular plant genus, Equisetum (Equisetaceae)","volume":"127","author":"Christenhusz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1125","article-title":"Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida","volume":"105","author":"Elgorriaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, J.W., Puttick, M.N., and Donoghue, P.C.J. (2019). Origin of horsetails and the role of whole-genome duplication in plant macroevolution. Proc. Biol. Sci., 286.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1662"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116630","article-title":"Genus Equisetum L: Taxonomy, toxicology, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"314","author":"Sureshkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12284","article-title":"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: Is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?","volume":"60","author":"Stubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-023-02660-8","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of Equisetum arvense L. ecotypes based on silicon content, phytochemical and morphological characterization","volume":"16","author":"Eghlima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.03.003","article-title":"Structural and quantitative analysis of Equisetum alkaloids","volume":"116","author":"Cramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"The European Pharmacopoeia Commission (2020). Pharmacopoea Europaea, G.E. Schachtelhaltmkraut, Deutscher Apotheker Verlag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcndemann, C., Lengen, K., Sauer, B., Garcia-K\u00e4ufer, M., Zehl, M., and Huber, R. (2014). Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-283"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (2016). European Union Herbal Monograph on Equisetum arvense L."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.014","article-title":"Equisetum telmateia extracts: Chemical compositions, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect on the growth of some pathogenic strain causing poisoning and infection","volume":"116","author":"Yeganegi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.11.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal and antibiofilm activity of Equisetum hyemale","volume":"101","author":"Bonez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.09.015","article-title":"Cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis induced by Equisetum hyemale extract in murine leukemia L1210 cells","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.11.016","article-title":"An anti-ulcerogenic flavonol diglucoside from Equisetum palustre L.","volume":"121","author":"Gurbuz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-022-01643-0","article-title":"Four new glucosides from the aerial parts of Equisetum sylvaticum","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-63","article-title":"Hydroxybenzoic acid isomers and the cardiovascular system","volume":"13","author":"Juurlink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64068-0.00008-5","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic acids: Natural sources, biosynthesis, possible biological activities, and roles in islamic medicine","volume":"55","author":"Taher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"94","article-title":"Structure of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives established by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection","volume":"41","author":"Bengoechea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, M.C., Pinto, D.C.G.A., and Silva, A.M.S. (2021). Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175377"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00720","article-title":"Digital database of absorption spectra of diverse flavonoids enables structural comparisons and quantitative evaluations","volume":"86","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030077h","article-title":"HPLC-DAD-MS\/MS ESI characterization of unusual highly glycosylated acylated flavonoids from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) agroindustrial byproducts","volume":"51","author":"Llorach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liang, Z., Liao, X., Zhou, C., Xie, Z., Zhu, S., Wei, G., and Huang, Y. (2019). Identification of C-glycosyl flavones by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and quantification of five main C-glycosyl flavones in Flickingeria fimbriata. BMC Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-019-0616-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinwumi, B.C., Bordun, K.-A.M., and Anderson, H.D. (2018). Biological activities of stilbenoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030792"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38561","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03924","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of pterostilbene metabolites in vivo and in vitro using a UHPLC-Q-Exactive plus mass spectrometer with multiple data-mining methods","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Lao, J., Zhou, R., He, W., Qin, Y., Zhong, C., Xie, J., Liu, H., Wan, D., and Zhang, S. (2018). Simultaneous identification and dynamic analysis of saccharides during steam processing of rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema by HPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112855"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Y., Wang, Z., Barrow, C.J., Dunshea, F.R., and Suleria, H.A.R. (2021). High-throughput screening and characterization of phenolic compounds in stone fruits waste by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS and their potential antioxidant activities. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020234"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.11.004","article-title":"Comprehensive, untargeted, and qualitative RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF\/MS2 metabolite profiling of green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)","volume":"46","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M., Zakharenko, A., Pikula, K., Manakov, Y., Ercisli, S., Derbush, I., Kislin, E., Seryodkin, I., Sabitov, A., and Kalenik, T. (2021). LC-MS\/MS screening of phenolic compounds in wild and cultivated grapes Vitis amurensis Rupr. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123650"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0759-y","article-title":"Quantification of hydroxycinnamic derivatives in wines by UHPLC-MRM-MS","volume":"410","author":"Meudec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.11.072","article-title":"Identification of phenolic compounds in Equisetum giganteum by LC-ESI-MS\/MS and a new approach to total flavonoid quantification","volume":"105","author":"Francescato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049114a","article-title":"Identification of flavonoids in Hakmeitau beans (Vigna sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI\/MS)","volume":"52","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2017.01.005","article-title":"Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802260e","article-title":"Distribution of bound hydroxycinnamic acids and their glycosyl esters in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) air-classified flour: Comparative study between reversed phase-high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC\/MS) and spectrophotometric analysis","volume":"56","author":"Verardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"402","article-title":"Structural study of phenolic acids by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in negative mode and H\/D isotopic exchange","volume":"31","author":"Sinosaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"20","article-title":"Concentration and composition of flavonol glycosides and phenolic acids in aerial parts of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) are affected by high nitrogen fertilization and by harvest time","volume":"73","author":"Grevsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz, P., Bunse, M., Klaiber, I., Conrad, J., Laumann-Lipp, T., Stintzing, F.C., and Kammerer, D.R. (2020). Comprehensive phytochemical characterization of herbal parts from kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.) by LC\/MSn and GC\/MS. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000485"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2606","article-title":"Flavonoids from the flowers of Impatiens glandulifera Royle isolated by high performance countercurrent chromatography","volume":"27","author":"Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xiong, H., Xu, X., Xue, X., Liu, M., Xu, S., Liu, H., Gao, Y., Zhang, H., and Li, X. (2018). Compounds identification in semen Cuscutae by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLCs) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051199"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1021\/jf021115k","article-title":"Detection of phloridzin in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) by HPLC-PDA-MS\/MS and NMR spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"Hilt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131846","article-title":"In-depth phytochemical and biological studies on potential AChE inhibitors in red and zigzag clover dry extracts using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled with photodiode array (PDA) and electron spray ionization-quadrupole\/time of flight-mass spectrometric (ESI-QToF\/MS-MS) detection and thin-layer chromatography-bioautography","volume":"375","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0306791","article-title":"Structural investigations of flavonol glycosides from sea buckthorn (Hippopha\u00eb rhamnoides) pomace by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-ESI-MS(n)","volume":"52","author":"Krumbein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.08.001","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of flavonoid glycosides in the Prunus genus by UPLC-DAD-QTOF\/MS","volume":"25","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunse, M., Lorenz, P., Stintzing, F.C., and Kammerer, D.R. (2020). Characterization of secondary metabolites in flowers of Sanguisorba officinalis L. by HPLC-DAD-MSn and GC\/MS. Chem. Biodivers., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900724"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072466","article-title":"Identification and quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"14","author":"Bucar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boeing, T., Moreno, K.G.T., Gasparotto Junior, A., Da Mota Silva, L., and de Souza, P. (2021). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Equisetum (Equisetaceae): A narrative review of the species with therapeutic potential for kidney diseases. Hindawi.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6658434"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, Z., Dai, Y., Zhou, Y., and Wang, S. (2021). Quality evaluation of rhubarb based on qualitative analysis of the HPLC fingerprint and UFLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS combined with quantitative analysis of eight anthraquinone glycosides by QAMS. Biomed. Chromatogr., 35.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5074"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olufunmilayo, E.O., Gerke-Duncan, M.B., and Holsinger, R.M.D. (2023). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020517"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04739","article-title":"Antioxidant activity\/capacity measurement. 1. classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays","volume":"64","author":"Apak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17543","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04022","article-title":"The chemistry behind the Folin-Ciocalteu method for the estimation of (poly)phenol content in food: Total phenolic intake in a Mediterranean dietary pattern","volume":"71","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b04743","article-title":"Antioxidant activity\/capacity measurement. 2. hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based, mixed-mode (electron transfer (ET)\/HAT), and lipid peroxidation assays","volume":"64","author":"Apak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Me\u0161\u010di\u0107 Macan, A., Gazivoda Kraljevi\u0107, T., and Rai\u0107-Mali\u0107, S. (2019). Therapeutic perspective of vitamin C and its derivatives. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080247"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690490464960","article-title":"Comprehensive study on vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of various polyphenolics in scavenging a free radical and its structural relationship","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/12\/2821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:58:10Z","timestamp":1760108290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/12\/2821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29122821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29122821","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}