{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:45:19Z","timestamp":1775911519700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interplay between the human innate immune system and bacterial cell wall components is pivotal in understanding diseases such as Crohn\u2019s disease and Lyme arthritis. Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most prevalent tick-borne illness in the United States, with a substantial number of cases reported annually. While antibiotic treatments are generally effective, approximately 10% of Lyme disease cases develop persistent arthritis, suggesting a dysregulated host immune response. We have previously identified a link between the immunogenic B. burgdorferi peptidoglycan (PG) and Lyme arthritis and showed that this pathogen sheds significant amounts of PG fragments during growth. Here, we synthesize these PG fragments, including ornithine-containing monosaccharides and disaccharides, to mimic the unique composition of Borrelia cell walls, using reproducible and rigorous synthetic methods. This synthetic approach allows for the modular preparation of PG derivatives, providing a diverse library of well-defined fragments. These fragments will serve as valuable tools for investigating the role of PG-mediated innate immune response in Lyme disease and aid in the development of improved diagnostic methods and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1720783683000},"page":"3297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synthesis of a Borrelia burgdorferi-Derived Muropeptide Standard Fragment Library"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Putnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irnov","family":"Irnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klare L.","family":"Bersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Jacobs-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Sarafan Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0586-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine Leimkuhler","family":"Grimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.03.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme Disease","volume":"36","author":"Mead","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. 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