{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:36:39Z","timestamp":1791246999042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology (Poland) Own Scholarship Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing trend in plant protection is replacing chemical preparations with environmentally friendly biological compositions. Chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity, is an effective agent against plant diseases. The purpose of the study was to evaluate chitosan as a potential biopesticide for potato plants. Three variants of chitosan were tested: high (310\u2013375 kDa, &gt;75% deacetylated), medium (190\u2013310 kDa, 75\u201385% deacetylated), and low (50\u2013190 kDa, 75\u201385% deacetylated) molecular weight. The chitosan variants were dissolved in lactic and succinic acids and tested for antibacterial and antifungal properties against eight strains of mould and two strains of bacteria responsible for potato diseases. The possible cytotoxicity of chitosan was evaluated against different cell lines: insect Sf-9, human keratinocyte HaCaT, and human colon carcinoma Caco-2. The bioprotective activities of the chitosan were also evaluated in situ on potato tubers. Chitosan inhibited the growth of almost all the selected phytopathogens. The most active was medium molecular chitosan in lactic acid. This formula was characterized by low toxicity towards human cells and high toxicity towards Sf-9 cells. It was also found to have positive effects on the growth of stems and roots, gas exchange, and chlorophyll index in potato plants. Selected chitosan formulation was proposed as a functional biopesticide for potato protection against phytopathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T12:44:36Z","timestamp":1721047476000},"page":"3313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chitosan as an Antimicrobial, Anti-Insect, and Growth-Promoting Agent for Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stegli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, W\u00f3lcza\u0144ska 171\/173, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, W\u00f3lcza\u0144ska 171\/173, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Janas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1\/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Grzesik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1\/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u015amigielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, W\u00f3lcza\u0144ska 171\/173, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kr\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, W\u00f3lcza\u0144ska 171\/173, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9523-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Gutarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, W\u00f3lcza\u0144ska 171\/173, 90-530 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, February 11). FAO. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Zmiany w produkcji, handlu zagranicznym i zu\u017cyciu krajowym ziemniak\u00f3w w Polsce w latach 2001-2019","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zesz. Nauk. SGGW w Warszawie Probl. Rol. Swiat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3059.2010.02411.x","article-title":"Climate change, plant diseases and food security: An overview","volume":"60","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0793-y","article-title":"The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops","volume":"3","author":"Savary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charkowski, A., Sharma, K., Parker, M.L., Secor, G.A., and Elphinstone, J. (2020). Bacterial Diseases of Potato. The Potato Crop, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28683-5_10"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u2019Hara, D. (2015). Detection and Identification of Phoma Pathogens of Potato. Plant Pathology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2620-6_2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11540-012-9217-6","article-title":"Characterization of Fusarium spp. Causing Potato Dry Rot in China and Susceptibility Evaluation of Chinese Potato Germplasm to the Pathogen","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-98-10-1118","article-title":"Assessment of Common Scab-Inducing Pathogen Effects on Potato Underground Organs via Computed Tomography Scanning","volume":"98","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Stammler, G., B\u00f6hme, F., Philippi, J., Miessner, S., and Tegge, V. (2013, January 12\u201315). Pathogenicity of Alternaria-species on potatoes and tomatoes. Proceedings of the 14th EuroBlight Workshop, Limassol, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9895","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9895","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungi decrease Rhizoctonia disease in potato in field conditions","volume":"8","author":"Tomilova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vishwakarma, R., and Kumar, R. (2020). Management of Insect Pests in Vegetable Crops: Concepts and Approaches, Apple Academic Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429328848"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1849-x","article-title":"Pesticides: An update of human exposure and toxicity","volume":"91","author":"Mostafalou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2024, February 10). The 2020 European Union Report on Pesticide Residues in Food. Available online: https:\/\/multimedia.efsa.europa.eu\/pesticides-report-2020\/commodity\/potatoes."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, February 10). EPA, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ingredients-used-pesticide-products\/what-are-biopesticides#What%20Are%20The%20Advantages%20of%20Using%20Biopesticides."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinga, L.N., and Laing, M.D. (2022). Role of Microbial Biopesticides as an Alternative to Insecticides in Integrated Pest Management of Cotton Pests. Insecticides\u2014Impact and Benefits of Its Use for Humanity, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100400"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elazouni, I., Abdel-Aziz, S., and Rabea, A. (2019). Microbial efficacy as biological agents for potato enrichment as well as bio-controls against wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2596-y"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, L., Yang, C., Wei, L., Li, T., and Chen, X. (2020). Isolation and identification of an endophytic bacteria Bacillus velezensis 8-4 exhibiting biocontrol activity against potato scab. Biol. Control, 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2019.104156"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegli\u0144ska, A., Ko\u0142tuniak, A., Motyl, I., Ber\u0142owska, J., Czy\u017cowska, A., Cieciura-W\u0142och, W., Okrasa, M., Kr\u0119giel, D., and Gutarowska, B. (2022). Lactic Acid Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents against Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Pathogens. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157763"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2019.03.005","article-title":"Efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic strain Epicoccum nigrum ASU11 as biocontrol agents against blackleg disease of potato caused by bacterial strain Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. atrosepticum PHY7","volume":"134","author":"Bagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-019-01272-w","article-title":"Biocontrol capability of local Metschnikowia sp. isolates","volume":"112","author":"Pawlikowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01275-06","article-title":"Metschnikowia strains isolated from botrytized grapes antagonize fungal and bacterial growth by iron depletion","volume":"72","author":"Sipiczki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegli\u0144ska, A., Ko\u0142tuniak, A., Ber\u0142owska, J., Czy\u017cowska, A., Szulc, J., Cieciura-W\u0142och, W., Okrasa, M., Kr\u0119giel, D., and Gutarowska, B. (2022). Metschnikowia pulcherrima as a Biocontrol Agent against Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Pathogens. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102546"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a-Mendoza, S.A., Pacios-Michelena, S., Palacios-Ponce, A.S., Ch\u00e1vez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.L., and Aguilar, C.N. (2023). Trichoderma as a biological control agent: Mechanisms of action, benefits for crops and development of formulations. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 39.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03695-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3501","article-title":"Biocontrol ability and action mechanisms of Aureobasidium pullulans GE17 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii KL3 against Penicillium digitatum DSM2750 and Penicillium expansum DSM62841 causing postharvest diseases","volume":"37","author":"Agirman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35415-x","article-title":"Biocontrol potential of native isolates of Beauveria bassiana against cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)","volume":"13","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150802471812","article-title":"The entomopathogenic fungi Isaria farinosa (formerly Paecilomyces farinosus) and the Isaria fumosorosea species complex (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus): Biology, ecology and use in biological control","volume":"18","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegli\u0144ska, A., Bekhter, A., Wawrzyniak, P., Kunicka-Styczy\u0144ska, A., Jastrz\u0105bek, K., Fidler, M., \u015amigielski, K., and Gutarowska, B. (2022). Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against Solanum tuberosum L. Phytopathogens. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051579"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.09.019","article-title":"Efficiency of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels extract as a high potential natural tool towards Fusarium dry rot on potato tubers","volume":"111","author":"Elsherbiny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chtioui, W., Heleno, S., Migheli, Q., and Rodrigues, P. (2023). Plant extracts as biocontrol agents against Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production in grapes. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 407.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110425"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: A review","volume":"164","author":"Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, February 10). EPA, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/epa-adds-chitosan-list-active-ingredients-eligible-minimum-risk-pesticide-exemption."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, S.G., Peters, L.M., and Mucalo, M.R. (2021). Chitosan: A Review of Sources and Preparation Methods, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.08.082","article-title":"Application, mode of action, and in vivo activity of chitosan and its micro- and nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: A review","volume":"176","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salgado-Cruz, M.d.l.P., Salgado-Cruz, J., Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.B., Calder\u00f3n-Dom\u00ednguez, G., G\u00f3mez-Viquez, H., Oliver-Espinoza, R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez, M.C., and Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2021). Chitosan as a coating for biocontrol in postharvest products: A bibliometric review. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11060421"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1843-8","article-title":"Streptomycete spores entrapped in chitosan beads as a novel biocontrol tool against common scab of potato","volume":"68","author":"Jobin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.227","article-title":"Chitosan induces resistance to tuber rot in stored potato caused by Alternaria tenuissima","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.001","article-title":"Recent developments in antibacterial and antifungal chitosan and its derivatives","volume":"164","author":"Verlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-G\u00f3mez, C.P., and Cecilia, J.A. (2020). Chitosan: A Natural Biopolymer with a Wide and Varied Range of Applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173981"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Ortiz, G., Gaxiola-Camacho, S.M., San-Mart\u00edn-hern\u00e1ndez, C., Mart\u00ednez-T\u00e9llez, M.\u00c1., Aispuro-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Lizardi-Mendoza, J., and Quintana-Obreg\u00f3n, E.A. (2022). Chitosan Sensitivity of Fungi Isolated from Mango (Mangifera indica L.) with Anthracnose. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041244"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.178","article-title":"Chitosan produced from Mucorales fungi using agroindustrial by-products and its efficacy to inhibit Colletotrichum species","volume":"108","author":"Magnani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-1035-z","article-title":"Antifungal effect and mechanism of chitosan against the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2021.101601","article-title":"Chitosan is an effective inhibitor against potato dry rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"113","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Li, H., Wu, X., Su, Y., and Long, Y. (2022). Co-Application of Tetramycin and Chitosan in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease of Kiwifruit and Enhancing Its Resistance, Photosynthesis, Quality and Amino Acids. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040500"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00890-3","article-title":"Combined treatments of chitosan and sodium silicate to inhibit Alternaria alternata pathogens of postharvest winter jujube","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-019-01628-w","article-title":"Cellular alterations in Pectobacterium carotovorum treated with nanostructured formulations during the incubation time","volume":"201","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.072","article-title":"Intensification in biological properties of chitosan after \u03b3-irradiation","volume":"131","author":"Muley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.OA.01.2020.0004","article-title":"A synergistic effect of chitosan and lactic acid bacteria on the control of cruciferous vegetable diseases","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Morsy, E.S.M., Elmalahy, Y.S., and Mousa, M.M.A. (2023). Biocontrol of Fusarium equiseti using chitosan nanoparticles combined with Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Penicillium polonicum. Fungal Biol. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40694-023-00151-4"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06941","article-title":"Chitosan Oligosaccharides Induce Apoptosis in Human Renal Carcinoma via Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Dependent Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"67","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matica, M.A., Aachmann, F.L., T\u00f8ndervik, A., Sletta, H., and Ostafe, V. (2019). Chitosan as a wound dressing starting material: Antimicrobial properties and mode of action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235889"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000276996","article-title":"Molecular-weight-dependent toxic effects of chitosans on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT","volume":"23","author":"Wiegand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.H., Yoon, K.S., Lee, S.J., Park, E.J., and Rhim, J.W. (2022). Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111644"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frigaard, J., Jensen, J.L., Galtung, H.K., and Hiorth, M. (2022). The Potential of Chitosan in Nanomedicine: An Overview of the Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Based Nanoparticles. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.880377"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911516658780","article-title":"Biocompatibility study of quaternized chitosan on the proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells as an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier","volume":"32","author":"Wongwanakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.037","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of monodispersed chitosan nanoparticles against the Caco-2 cells","volume":"262","author":"Loh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tien, N.D., Lyngstadaas, S.P., Mano, J.F., Blaker, J.J., and Haugen, H.J. (2021). Recent Developments in Chitosan-Based Micro\/Nanofibers for Sustainable Food Packaging, Smart Textiles, Cosmeceuticals, and Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092683"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negri, A., Pezzali, G., Pitton, S., Piazzoni, M., Gabrieli, P., Lazzaro, F., Mastrantonio, V., Porretta, D., Lenardi, C., and Caccia, S. (2023). MosChito rafts as a promising biocontrol tool against larvae of the common house mosquito, Culex pipiens. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295665"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10903","article-title":"Chitosan coatings reduce fruit fly (Anastrepha obliqua) infestation and development of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Manila mangoes","volume":"101","author":"Limon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.103","article-title":"Chitosan and oligochitosan enhance ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) resistance to rhizome rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum in storage","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(08)60060-7","article-title":"Postharvest Chitosan Treatment Induces Resistance in Potato against Fusarium sulphureum","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.016","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chitosan against Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen of potato late blight","volume":"166","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.097","article-title":"Efficiency of chitosan application against Phytophthora infestans and the activation of defence mechanisms in potato","volume":"182","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.11.041","article-title":"Eco-friendly application of nano-chitosan for controlling potato and tomato bacterial wilt","volume":"29","author":"Khairy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05316","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan Fragments Responsible for Plant Elicitor and Growth Stimulator","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malerba, M., and Cerana, R. (2016). Chitosan effects on plant systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070996"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahrajabian, M.H., Chaski, C., Polyzos, N., Tzortzakis, N., and Petropoulos, S.A. (2021). Sustainable agriculture systems in vegetable production using chitin and chitosan as plant biostimulants. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060819"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.056","article-title":"Gamma radiation degradation of chitosan for application in growth promotion and induction of stress tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","volume":"210","author":"Muley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11540-006-9015-0","article-title":"Application of soluble chitosan in vitro and in the greenhouse to increase yield and seed quality of potato minitubers","volume":"49","author":"Kowalski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.17221\/1018-PSE","article-title":"Effect of in vitro chitosan application on growth and minituber yield of Solarium tuberosum L.","volume":"55","author":"Sedghi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.3.761","article-title":"Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line","volume":"106","author":"Boukamp","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanowska-Duda, Z., Grzesik, M., and Janas, R. (2019). Maximal Efficiency of PSII as a Marker of Sorghum Development Fertilized with Waste from a Biomass Biodigestion to Methane. Front. Plant Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01920"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.09.007","article-title":"High efficiency stratification of apple cultivar Ligol seed dormancy by phytohormones, heat shock and pulsed radio frequency","volume":"219","author":"Grzesik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"463","article-title":"Effectiveness of pulsed radio frequency in seed quality improvement of vegetable plant species","volume":"33","author":"Janas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Agrophysics"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanowska-Duda, Z., Szufa, S., Grzesik, M., Piotrowski, K., and Janas, R. (2021). The Promotive Effect of Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. Foliar Biofertilization on Growth and Metabolic Activities of Willow (Salix viminalis L.) Plants as Feedstock Production, Solid Biofuel and Biochar as C Carrier for Fertilizers via Torrefaction Proce. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175262"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(Statistica, 2018). Statistica, 13.1."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/14\/3313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:27Z","timestamp":1760109387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/29\/14\/3313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules29143313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules29143313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]}}}