{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:17:03Z","timestamp":1788412623366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a key neuropeptide hormone that is secreted from the hypothalamus. It is the master hormone of the HPA axis, which orchestrates the physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Many disorders, including anxiety, depression, addiction relapse, and others, are related to over-activation of this system. Thus, new molecules that may interfere with CRF receptor binding may be of value to treat neuropsychiatric stress-related disorders. Also, CRF1R antagonists have recently emerged as potential treatment options for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Previously, several series of CRF1 receptor antagonists were developed by our group. In continuation of our efforts in this direction, herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of CRF1R antagonists. Representative compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities compared to antalarmin. Four compounds (2, 5, 20, and 21) showed log IC50 values of \u22128.22, \u22127.95, \u22128.04, and \u22127.88, respectively, compared to \u22127.78 for antalarmin. This result indicates that these four compounds are superior to antalarmin by 2.5, 1.4, 1.7, and 1.25 times, respectively. It is worth mentioning that compound 2, in terms of IC50, is among the best CRF1R antagonists ever developed in the last 40 years. The in silico physicochemical properties of the lead compounds showed good drug-like properties. Thus, further research in this direction may lead to better and safer CRF receptor antagonists that may have clinical applications, particularly for stress-related disorders and the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29153647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:34:20Z","timestamp":1722512060000},"page":"3647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Novel Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptor Antagonists as Potential Treatments for Stress Related Disorders and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Md Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9386-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Markatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Pirmettis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15310 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minas","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15310 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlasios","family":"Karageorgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Liapakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6517","article-title":"Primary structure of corticotropin-releasing factor from ovine hypothalamus","volume":"78","author":"Spiess","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. 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