{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:14:08Z","timestamp":1790216048535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22002066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22002066"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023KJ356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ356"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["G2RC202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2RC202021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["WKDM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKDM202303"]}]},{"name":"National Natural 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of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Zhejiang Normal University","award":["G2RC202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2RC202021"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Zhejiang Normal University","award":["WKDM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKDM202303"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Zhejiang Normal University","award":["KLMEACM202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLMEACM202203"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control","award":["22002066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22002066"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control","award":["2023KJ356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ356"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control","award":["G2RC202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2RC202021"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control","award":["WKDM202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKDM202303"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control","award":["KLMEACM202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLMEACM202203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant interest has emerged for the application of Pd-In2O3 catalysts as high-performance catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH. However, precise active site control in these catalysts and understanding their reaction mechanisms remain major challenges. In this investigation, a series of Pd-InOx catalysts were synthesized, revealing three distinct types of active sites: In-O, Pd-O(H)-In, and Pd2In3. Lower Pd loadings exhibited Pd-O(H)-In sites, while higher loadings resulted in Pd2In3 intermetallic compounds. These variations impacted catalytic performance, with Pd-O(H)-In catalysts showing heightened activity at lower temperatures due to the enhanced CO2 adsorption and H2 activation, and Pd2In3 catalysts performing better at elevated temperatures due to the further enhanced H2 activation. In situ DRIFTS studies revealed an alteration in key intermediates from *HCOO over In-O bonds to *COOH over Pd-O(H)-In and Pd2In3 sites, leading to a shift in the main reaction pathway transition and product distribution. Our findings underscore the importance of active site engineering for optimizing catalytic performance and offer valuable insights for the rational design of efficient CO2 conversion catalysts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29163715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1722931679000},"page":"3715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Micro-Structure Engineering in Pd-InOx Catalysts and Mechanism Studies for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Fengwang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4141-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxi","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcata.2023.100006","article-title":"Recent progress on integrated CO2 capture and electrochemical upgrading","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. 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